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What is digestion?
The Hydrolysis of food polymers into monomers (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids)
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What kind of digestion begins in the mouth?
Both physical and chemical
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What are the two major groups of the digestive system?
The alimentary canal (GI tract) and the accessory organs
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What are the accessory organs?
Teeth, Salivary Glands, liver, Gallbladder, pancreas (Exocrine and endocrine)
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All openings to the environment are covered in what epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium
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What makes up the GI Tract?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines
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What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and either a serosa or a adventitia
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What portion of the alimentary canal is simple squamous epithelium?
Mouth, Oral Cavity, Pharynx, esophagus
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What portion of the elementary canal is simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells?
Stomache, small intestine, and Large intestine
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What covers the surface of the tongue?
Papillae or tastebuds
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What propels food through the esophagus?
A peristalsis motion.
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How many muscles does the esophagus have?
2- circular and longitudinal
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What controls food passage into the stomach?
Gastroesophogeal Sphincter (also called LES or cardiac sphincter)
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Name the regions of the stomach
Cardiac region, fundus, body, Pyloric region
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What are the ridges in the stomach called?
Rugae- allows for expansion
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How many muscles does the stomach have?
3-circular, longitudinal, oblique
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What do the gastric glands in the stomach do? Where are these found?
- Gastric pits
- Secrete Hydrochloric Acid and hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins
- *HCI by parietal cells
- *pepsin by chief cells
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Whats the purpose of the mucus glands in the stomach?
- Prevent self-digestion
- What is processed food in the stomach called?
- Chyme
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Where does the most digestion take place in the stomach?
Pyloric region
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What controls food moving from the stomach to the small intestine?
Pyloric Sphyncter
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What are the three regions of the small intestine?
- Duodenum
- Jejunum (main absorption)
- Ileum (joins large intestine at the ileocecal valve or ileoceum sphynter) (has peyers patches)
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What is the main function of the small intestine?
Nutrient absorption occurs here
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What are villi, microvilli, and plica?
- Vili: finger-like projections of the mucosa tunic of the SI give a velvety texture
- Microvilli: also called brush border cells on the columnar epithelium that have brush border enzymes
- Plicae: circular folds in SI increase surface area and absorption 5x
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What do brush border enzymes do?
Help complete digestion along with enzymes produced by the pancreas.
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What are the subdivisions of the Large Intestine?
Cecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal
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What are the regions of the large intestine?
- Ascending colon, right colic (hepatic) flexure, transverse colon, left colic (splenic) flexure, descending colon, and the sigmoid colon (shaped like an "S")
- *cats do not have the sigmoid colon
- *rectum comes after sigmoid colon
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What are the two sphincters from the rectum to the anus?
- Involuntary sphincter-smooth much
- Voluntary sphincter-skeletal muscle
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What special glands does the duodenum have?
Brunner's glands
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What's the main function of the large intestine?
- Moving fecal matter, and maintaining proper water
- Also creating Vit B and K by intestinal bacteria which absorbs into blood stream
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What are baby teach called?
Deciduous or milk teeth
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What's the number of deciduous teeth vs. permanent teeth?
 - (top/bottom)
- 2,1,0,2/2,1,0,2 x 2= 20 deciduous teeth
- 2, 1, 2, 3/2,1,2,3 x 2=32 permanent teeth
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What are the paired salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular, and subligual
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What is the purpose of saliva?
- Consists of mucin which moistens foods and binds it into a bolus
- Salivary amylase breaks down starts from polysaccharides (starches and carbs) to disaccharides and glucose.
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Which is the largest gland in the body and is also called the great equalizer?
The Liver
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What is the liver's digestive function?
- Produce bile which leaves the liver through the common hepatic duct and enters the duodenum at the bile duct.
- Bile emulsifies fats to make them easier to digest and absorb
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What is the purpose of the Gallbladder?
Stored backed up bile through cystic duct from the liver until it is needed in the digestive process.
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How many lobes does the liver have? Name and identify them.
4 lobes: Right lobe, left lobe, caudate lob, quadrate lobe
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What are liver cells called?
Hepatocytes
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What are sinusoids? What lines them?
- Blood filled spaces in liver
- They are lined with Special phagocytic cells called kupffer cells
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What are the pancreas' two functions?
- Endocrine: produces hormones insulin and glucagon
- Exocrine: produces enzymes such as HCO3- for ph balance, amylase for carb breakdown, lipase for fat breakdown, and trypsin for protein breakdown.
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What do bicarbonate ions prevent in the duodenum?
Ulcers
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Where is insulin and glucagon made in the pancreas?
The Islets
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What are the working cells in the pancreas?
The Acini
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What requirements do enzymes have to work well?
Proper pH and temperature (37C)
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Enzymes are known as what?
- Catalysts
- Ez+S-->EzS-->Ez+ product
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