The formation of new individuals whose genes all come from one parent.
Sexual Reproduction
The formation of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes.
Egg/Ovum
Female gamete which is usually large and nonmotile.
Sperm
Male gamete which is usually small and motile.
What are three methods of asexual reproduction in invertebrates?
Fission, budding, and fragmentation.
Fission
Asexual reproduction in whihc a parent separates into 2 or more approximately equal-sized individuals. An example is the sea anemone.
Budding
Asexual reproduction in which new individuals split off from existing ones. An example is the hydra.
Fragmentation
The breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into complete adults. An example is a sea star.
What does fragmentation require?
The regeneration of lost body parts.
What type of reproduction does this represent?
Fission
What type of reproduction this represent?
Budding
What type of reproduction does this represent?
Regeneration
What are three advantages of asexual reproduction?
Organisms can reproduce without needing to find a mate, can have numerous offspring in a short period of time, and, in stable environments, allows for the perpetuation of successful genotypes.
Parthenogenesis
The process by which an unfertilized egg develops into an (often) haploid adult.
Parthenogenesis playes a role in the social organization of _________, _________, and _________.
bees, wasps, and ants.
Male honeybees are ____________.
Female honeybees are ___________.
haploid, diploid.
Hermaphroditism
One individual is functional as both a male and a female.
Hermaphroditism results in what?
Twice as many offspring because both individuals receive sperm and have eggs.
What type of habitat is required for external fertilization?
A moist habitat that will protect from desiccation and heat stress.
Pheremones
Chemical signals released by one organism that influence the behavior of other individuals of the same species.
In internal fertilization, sperm are deposited in or near what?
The female reproductive tract.
What happens to the eggs of the giant water bug?
They are glued onto the male's back after fertilization.
What are the external reproductive structures for females?
2 sets of labia surrounding the clitoris and vaginal opening.
What are the internal reproductive organs of the female?
A pair of gonads and a system of ducts and chambers.
What is the name of A?
Rectum
What is the name of B?
Cervix
What is the name of C?
Vagina
What is the name of D?
Bartholin's gland
What is the name of E?
Vaginal opening
What is F?
Oviduct
What is G?
Ovary
What is H?
Uterus
What is I?
Urinary Bladder
What is J?
Pubic Bone
What is K?
Urethra
What is L?
Shaft
What is M?
Glans
What is N?
Prepuce
What is O?
Labia Minora
What is P?
Labia Majora
What do L-N compose?
The clitoris
What is A?
Ovaries
What is B?
Uterus
What is C?
Cervix
What is D?
Oviduct
What is E?
Follicles
What is F?
Corpus Luteum
What is G?
Uterine Wall
What is H?
Vagina
What do follicles consist of?
One egg cell surrounded by one or more layers of follicle cells.
What do follicles produce?
The primary female sex hormones, aka estrogens.
What do follicles do for the developing egg cell?
They nourish and protect it.
How many follicles are females born with?
400,000
How many follicles mature during each menstrual cycle?
One
After ovulation, the remaining follicular tissue develops into the _______________.
Corpus Luteum
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
estrogens and progesterone
What does the corpus luteum do during pregnancy?
It maintains the uterine lining.
At ovulation the egg is released where?
Into the abdominal cavity near the opening of the oviduct.
How does the egg get into the oviduct? Where does the egg go next?
Its cilia-lined funnel-like opening draws the egg in. To the uterus.
Endometrium
The highly vascularized inner lining of the uterus.
The neck of the uterus, the ___________, opens into the _____________.
Cervix, vagina.
During sexual arousal for females, _______________ secrete mucus into the _____________.
