Path Chap 7 Terms

gas exchange

mucus & tiny hair-like projections that cover the upper airway & bronchi serve to filter the incoming air

air moves into & out of the lungs as an effect of pressure changing within the thorax in accordance with a pricipal of physics called Boyle's Law

states that the relation between the volume & the pressure of a gas is constant; as volume increases, pressure decreases, & vice versa

oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged in the alveoli by diffusion

dyspnea produced by the supine position

a reflex contraction of the diaphragm that forces a blast of air from the lungs in an attempt to eliminate an irritation in the airway

sputum that contains pus, or opaque sputum are signs of lower respiratory infection

productive cough with blood in the sputum

a bluish tint in the fingernails, lips, face, & mucus membranes that occurs when oxygen saturation in arterial blood decreases below 85%

pleural pain

a subcutaneous grinding sensation, which indicates air leaking into the subcutaneous tissues

a subtle vibration of breathing, suggesting pulmonary or pleural edema

which are heard in addition to the normal breath sounds, include rales, rhonchi, strido, & pulmonary friction rub

a series of distict pops or cracks during inspiration that occur when blocked bronchi cause a collapse of distal bronchioles & alveoli

continuous rumbling sounds auscultated during both inspiration & expiration, indicating an incomplete obstruction of bronchi or lower trachea producing turbulent air

a harsh, raspy sound that is audible upon inspiration, often even without a stethoscope

stridor that occurs with coughing (barking-type cough)

an increase rate (over 20 breaths/min) or depth (over 750 mL) of ventilation

an increase in breathing rate without an increase in depth

collapse of a lung segment's alveoli; it is not itself a disease, but a consequence of disease or injury

an instrument used to measure lung volumes during ventilation

a lack of oxygen, chich produces sever neurological & renal damage within minutes

"collapsed lung" - presence of air in the pleural space

if the pleural space continues to conllect air..the intrathoracic presure rises rapidly with respect to the environment

blood enters the pleural cavity

the presence of both blood & air into the cavity

difficulty swallowing

mild allergic reactions causing rhinitis, infection, or allergy cause sinustits & infection or environmental irritants cause bronchitis

hives

more frequently a result of an infection or chemical irritant that produces an inflammatory response; viral infection is the most common cause

cause by prolonged or repeated exposure to irritants that inflame the bronchial mucous membranes

a complication of chronic pulmonary disease & prolonged smoking, is not likely to be encountered in physically active persons. It is a chronic inflammatory reaction to chemicals in smoke that destroys the alveolar walls, capillaries, & lung elasticitym & decreases the lung area that is available for gas exchange

common cold

time between infection & appearance of symptoms

type of bacteria that causes respiratory infection known as pertussis, or whooping cough