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Sir Francis Bacon
- 1561-1626
- Empiricism
- England
- "Idols"
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Rene Descartes
- 1596-1650
- Rationalism
- Mechanization
- France
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John Locke
- 1632-1704
- England
- Empiricism
- "Blank Slate"
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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David Hume
- 1711-1776
- Scotland
- Empiricism - radical Empiricist
- supported many unpopular causes, reviled for unorthodix religious views
- for Hume, causality is not a primary quality
- all emotions are founded on pain or pleasure
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Baruch Spinoza
- 1632-1677
- Rationalism
- Because of Jewish persecution, his family fled from Spain to Holland, where he was born.
- Argued against Descartes' dualism. There is no gulf between God and the world or mind and body.
- He was refused scholarships and jobs because of his beliefs, but he would not change his position.
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Immanuel Kant
- 1724-1804
- born in East Prussia (Germany)
- Classified as a rationalist, but recognized that knowledge begins with experience.
- analytic a priori vs. synthetic priori statements
- moral development
- problems associated with nationalism
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Thomas Hobbes
- 1588-1679
- England
- Mechanization
- self-interest serves as the primary basis for motivation
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Sir Charles Bell
- 1744-1842
- Scotland
- Mechanization
- spinal nerves are specialized
- Bell-Magendie Law
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Francios Magendie
- 1783-1855
- France
- Mechanization
- Bell-Magendie Law
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phrenology
- Gall and Spurzheim
- Character and personality traits are related to specific regions of the brain. It was also believed that the surface features of the skull can be used as a means of assessing character.
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Paul Broca
- 1824-1880
- France
- Mechanization
- Broca's area - speech production
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Carl Wernicke
- 1848-1905
- Germany
- Mechanization
- Wernicke's area - speech comprehension
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Herman von Helmoltz
- 1821-1894
- Germany
- Mechanization
- measured the speed of conduction of a nervous impulse
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Sir Francis Galton
- 1822-1911
- England
- Quantification
- Charles Darwin's cousin
- statistics - concept of correlation
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