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DNA is made into RNA by way of...
Transcription
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RNA is made into DNA by way of...
Reverse transcription
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RNA is made into proteins by way of...
Translation
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DNA replication relies on the complememntary of DNA strands according to...
The AT/GC Rule
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During the DNA replication process, the two complementary strands of DNA come apart and serve as... template strands (parental strands)
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During the DNA replication process, the two complementary strands of DNA come apart and serve as template strands (parental strands) for the synthesis of...
Two new strands of DNA
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When do individual nucleotides have access to the template strands?
After the double helix has separated
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For the DNA replication process to complete, a _________ is formed between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the previous nucleotide.
covalent bond
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For the DNA replication process to complete, a covalent bond is formed between the ________ of one nucleotide and the ________ of the previous nucleotide.
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The two newly made strands the result from DNA replication are referred to as the...
daughter strands
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The ________ are identical in both double-stranded molecules after replication.
Base sequences
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the DNA synthesis of one newly made strand (the __________ strand) occurs in the direction toward the replication fork, whereas the synthesis of the other newly made strand (the _______ strand) occurs in small segments away from the replication.
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DNA replication produces two copies of DNA with the same _______ as the original DNA molecule.
Sequence
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The Conservative model of DNA replication description...
Both parental strands stay together after DNA replication
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The Semi-Conservative model of DNA replication description...
The double-stranded DNA contains one parental and one daughter strand following replication
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The Dispersive model of DNA replication description...
Parental and daughter DNA are interspersed in both strands following replication
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Who tested the hypothesis that DNA replication is Semi-Conservative and when?
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958
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Six steps of the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment?
- 1) Add an excess of 14N- containing compounds to the bacterial cells so all of the newly made DNA will go from 15N to 14N
- 2) Incubated the cells of various lengths of time
- 3) Lyse the cells by the addition of lysozyme and detergent
- 4) Load a sample of the lysate onto a CsCl gradient
- 5) Centrifuge the gradients until the DNA molecules reach their equilibrium densities.
- 6) DNA within the gradient can now be observed under a UV light.
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CsCl is...
Cesium Chloride
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, E. Coli was grown in the presence of...
15N
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, A haevy isotope of nitrogen that was used was...
15N
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, a light isotope of nitrogen taht was used was...
14N
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, the density of the DNA was analyzed by....
centifugation using a CsCl gradient
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, the top of the testtube was ______ dense than the bottom
less
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, the bottom of the testtube was ______ dense than the top
more
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, the lower Cs+ concentration was located at the _______ of the test tube.
top
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, the higher Cs+ concentration was located at rhe ________ of the test tube.
bottom
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the _________ lies between the light and heavy sections of the testtube.
DNA intermediate
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, __N shift cells to __N
15N to 14N
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two rounds of DNA replication = ___ generations.
1.9
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, the result that would be consistent with the semiconservative model of DNA replication after two generations is...
mixture of light DNA and half-heavy DNA
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, the result that would be consistent with the The dispersive model after two generations is..
the heavy nitrogen would be evenly dispersed among four strands, each strand containing 1/4 heavy nitrogen and 3/4 light nitrogen
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, the result that would be consistent with the The conservative model after two generations is..
two separate DNA types: a light type and a heavy type.
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In the Stahl and Meselon (e Coli) experiment, the conservative model was disproved because...
all of the DNA had sedimented as a single band
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in bacterial replication, the origin of replication is...
the site on the bacterial chromosome where DNA synthesis begins
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Each bacterial chromosome has ___ origin of replication(s)
1
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in bacterial replication, synthesis of DNA proceeds ________ around the bacterial chromosome.
biodirectionally
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Biodirectional means....
"proceeds in both directions"
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In bacterial replication, the synthesis of DNA proceeds biodirectionally and eventually meets...
at the opposite side of the bacterial chromosome
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in bacterial replication, replication ends at...
the opposite side of the bacterial chromosome
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in bacterial replication, two replication forks move in opposite directions....
outward from the origin
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in bacterial replication, two replication forks move _________ outward from the origin
in opposite directions
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in bacterial replication, A replication fork is the site where....
the parental DNA strands have separated and new daughter strands are being made
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replication forks meet each other on the opposite side of the bacterial chromosome to...
complete the replication process.
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_________ meet each other on the opposite side of the bacterial chromosome to complete the replication process.
replication forks
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Replication is Semi-____________.
Discontinuous
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Replication is initiated by the binding of...
DnaA protein to the origin of replication
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the origin of replication in E. coli is called...
oriC
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oriC stands for...
Origin of Chromosomal replication
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Three types of DNA sequences found within oriC are
- an AT-rich region
- DnaA box sequences
- GATC methylation sites
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DNA replication is initiated by the binding of DnaA proteins to sequences within the origin known as....
DnaA box sequences.
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________serve as recognition sites for the binding of the DnaA proteins
DnaA box sequences
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When DnaA proteins are in their ATP-bound form, they bind to...
the five DnaA boxes in oriC to initiate DNA replication
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the seperation of the AT-rich region is caused by...
THE DNA bending around the complex of DnaA proteins by the aid of DNA-binding proteins (HU and IHF)
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The DNA strands are more easily seperated at an AT-rich region because...
Only two hydrogen bonds occur between Adenine and Thymine.
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The DNA strands are more easily seperated at...
an AT-rich region
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Following separation of the AT-rich region, the _____ protein, with the help of the ______ protein, recruit __________ proteins to this site.
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DNA helicase is also known as...
DnaB protein.
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What happens when a DNA helicase encounters a double stranded region?
it breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands, making two single strands.
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What begins strand separation within the oriC region and continue to separate the
- DNA strands beyond the origin?
- DNA Helicases
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How many DNA helicases begin strand separation within the oriC region and continue to separate the DNA strands beyond the origin?
Two
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DNA helicases use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to...
catalyze the separation of the double-stranded parental DNA
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DNA helicases use the energy from ___________ to catalyze the separation of the double-stranded parental DNA
ATP hydrolysis
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In E. coli, DNA helicases bind to __________ DNA.
Single-stranded
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In E.coli DNA helicases bind to single-stranded DNA and travel along the DNA in a __________ direction
5' to 3'
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In E.coli DNA helicases bind to single-stranded DNA and travel along the DNA in a 5' to 3' direction in order to ....
keep the replication fork moving
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The action of DNA helicases promotes the movement of two replication forks outward from....
oriC in opposite directions.
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The action of DNA helicases promotes the movement of ___________________ outward from oriC in opposite directions.
Two replication forks
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The action of DNA helicases promoting the movement of two replication forks outward from oriC in opposite directions inititates...
the replication of the bacterial chromosome in both directions (bidirectional replication)
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Bidirectional replication in bacterial chromosome is when...
the replication of the bacterial chromosome is initiated in both directions
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List the three steps that occur at oriC to initiate the DNA replication process.
- 1) DnaA proteins bind to DnaA boxes and to each other. (causes the AT-rich region to wrap around the DnaA proteins and separates the AT-rich region)
- 2) DNA helicase (DnaB protein) binds to the origin while DnaC protein assists.
- 3) DNA helicase separates the DNA in both directions, creating 2 replication forks
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The function of DNA helicase is to....
break the hydrogen bonds between base pairs and unwind the strands.
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The action of the DNA helicases breaking the H bonds between base pairs and unwinding the strands generates _____________ ahead of each replication fork
positive supercoiling
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The action of the DNA helicases breaking the H bonds between base pairs and unwinding the strands generates positive supercoiling ahead of each...
replication fork
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DnaA protein's function in E. coli DNA replication is..
Binds to DnaA boxes within the origin to initiate DNA replication
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DnaC protein's function in E. coli DNA replication is..
Aids DnaA in the recruitment of DNA helicase to the origin
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DNA helicase (DnaB) protein's function in E. coli DNA replication is..
Seperates double-stranded DNA
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Topoisomerase's function in E. coli DNA replication is..
Removes positive supercoiling ahead of the replication fork
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Single-strand binding protein's function in E. coli DNA replication is..
Binds to single-stranded DNA and prevents it from re-forming a double-stranded structure.
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Primase's function in E. coli DNA replication is..
synthesizes short RNA primers
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DNA Polymerase III's function in E. coli DNA replication is..
Synthesizes DNA in the leading and lagging strands
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DNA Polymerase I's function in E. coli DNA replication is..
Removes RNA primers, fills in gaps with DNA
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DNA ligase's function in E. coli DNA replication is..
Covalently attaches adjacent Okazaki fragments
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Tus' function in E. coli DNA replication is..
Binds to ter sequences and prevents the advancemnet of the replication fork
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Topoisomerase (Type II) is also called...
DNA gyrase
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the bases within the parental strands are kept in an exposed condition that enables them to hydrogen bond with individual nucleotides because of the function of ...
single-strand binding proteins
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_______ synthesizes short strands of RNA, typically 10 to 12 nucleotides in
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Primase synthesizes short strands of RNA, typically _____________ in length
10 to 12 nucleotides
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In the _________ strand, a single primer is made at the origin of replication.
leading
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In the _________ strand, multiple primers are made.
lagging
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What enzyme catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds between adjacent nucleotides and thereby makes the new daughter strands?
DNA polymerase
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In E. coli, _____ distinct proteins function as DNA polymerases.
five
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DNA polymerases ___ and ____ are involved in normal DNA replication
I and III
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DNA polymerases ___, ___, and ____ play a role in DNA repair and the replication of damaged DNA.
II, IV and V
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DNA polymerase ____ is responsible for most of the DNA replication.
III
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Primers are... (RNA or DNA)?
RNA
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In the semi-discontinous replication, the sucrose gradient at the ______ is smaller.
Top
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In the semi-discontinous replication, the sucrose gradient at the ______ is larger.
Bottom
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In the semi-discontinous replication, _________ fragments are seen in sucrose density gradients.
3H labeled
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In the semi-discontinous replication, 3H labeled fragments are seen in __________ gradients.
Sucrose density
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You identify proteins and enzymes involved in Replication by combining _________ and ________.
Genetics and Biochemistry
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The genetic approach to identifying proteins and enzymes involved in replication is...
Obtain mutants that are defective in Replication
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The three step method to identifying proteins and enzymes involved in replication is..
- 1) Mutagenize cells
- 2) Plate the cells on agar and grow at 30oC
- 3) Replica plate and grow 37oC
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