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What is Declarative Memory?
- The recall of facts
- Easy to form, easy to forget
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What is Non Declarative Memory?
- Memory for Skills
- Does not involve conscious recollection
- Hard to form, hard to forget
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What are the 3 types of memory?
- Short term
- Working Memory 'Held in mind'
- Long term
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What is Retrograde Amnesia?
Amnesia of events prior
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What is Anterograde Amnesia?
- Amnesia of events after
- May require more repetition to learn
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What is Transient Global Amnesia?
- Temporary Anterograde Amnesia
- eg. From anaesthetics
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Where is working memory held?
- Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe
- Parietal - Modality specific eg. vision
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Where is Declarative memory formed?
Medial Temporal lobes, Hippocampus and nearby cortical areas
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What is associated with the processing of memory?
Hippocampus and Temporal Lobes communicates with parts of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus to the Frontal Cortex
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How is Non Declarative Memory accessed?
- Corpus Striatum acts as motor signalling loop
- Association Cortex, Basal Nuclei and Substantia Nigra signal Thalamus which communicates with premotor Cortex
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What are the 3 basic steps of Learning?
- 1. Electrical Impluses increase
- 2. Secondary Messenger molecules modify synaptic proteins (Ca2+)
- 3. Structural alteration of synapses creates permanent memories which can involve new protein synthesis or new synapses or circuits
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What is Long Term Potential and Long Term Depression?
- LTP - Stimulation of two neurons that changes their strength
- LTP is considered a mechanism that underlies learning and memory
- LTD - Low intracellular Ca2+ activate phosphatases
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What is the act of Glutamate as an Excitatory neurotransmitter on the Hippocampus?
- 1.AMPA binds to Glutamate causing Na+ to enter, depolarising the membrane
- 2.Glutamate binds to NMDA allowing Ca2+ to enter
- 3.Kinases are activated, phosphorylation of proteins occur
- May Cause a) increased AMPA reception
- b) Formation of new dendrites
- c) Formation of new synapses
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What is Procedural Learning?
Motor response to sensory input
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What is Associative Learning?
Associations between events eg. Pavlov's dogs
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What is non-Associative learning?
- Change in behaviour WITHOUT response to positive or negative reinforcement
- eg. Poking sea slugs makes them curl inward, but doesn't after a while
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What is the Limbic System?
Areas in the brain which include the Hypothalamus and Amygdala, key in emotion
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What is the role of the Amygdala?
- Heightens emotions
- Enhances fear and agression
- Allows recognition of emotion
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What is the neurological path of Predatory agression?
Hypothalamus - Midbrain - Brain stem
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What is the neurological path of Affective agression?
Hypothalamus - Periaqueductal Grey Matter - Brainstem
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What is the role of the Hypothalamus in respects to fear?
- Autonomic 'fight or flight'
- Projects to Cortex - emotional experience
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