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Catalase + organisms
- SSPACE:
- S. aureus
- Serratia
- Pseudomonas
- Actinomyces
- Candida
- E.coli
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Vaccines with polysaccharide capsule - function?
- Promotes T cell activation and class switching
- Polysaccharide capsule alone: IgM
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Features of endotoxin
- Outer cell membrane of gram (-) bacteria
- Not secreted from cell
- LPS - released when lysed (polypeptide in exotoxin)
- Causes TNF-a and IL-1 --> fever and shock
- Poorly antigenic
- Stable at 100C for 1 hour
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Bugs that increase cAMP
- 1. ETEC (Heat-labile toxin)
- 2. Bacillus anthrax (mimics AC)
- 3. Vibrio cholera (activates Gs constantly)
- 4. Bordatella pertussis (disables Gi)
Increases Cl- and water secretion
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Bugs that increase cGMP
- 1. ETEC (heat-stabile toxin)
- 2. Yersinia enterocolytica
increases Na+ and water reabsorption
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Bugs that undergo lysogenic transduction
- ABCDE
- Shiga toxin
- Botulism toxin
- Choleral toxin
- Diptheria toxin
- Exotoxin A of S. pyogenes
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B-hemolytic organisms
- Group A strep
- Group B strep
- S.aureus
- Listeria monocytogenes
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E.faciaelis
- Group D strep: grouping based on carb group on cell wall
- causes UTI and subacute endocarditis
- PenG resistant
- Grows in NaCl and bile
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CAMP factor
- S.agalataie
- Increases hemolysis produced by S.aureus
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Lab test for C.diptheria
- Gram positive rods with metachromatic blue and red granules
- Elek test for toxin
- Tellurite agar
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- Eschar: painless ulcer caused by edema factor
- Bug: Bacillus anthrax (cutaneous)
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Leprematous form of leprosy
- presents diffusely
- low cell-mediated
- high humoral (Th2) immunity
- LETHAL
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Tuberculoid response of leprosy
- Few hypoesthetic plaques
- High cell-mediated immunity (Th1)
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Treatment and side-effects of leprosy
- Long-term oral dapsone
- a/e = hemolysis and methemoglobinemia
Other tx: Rifampin, combo of clofazimine and dapsone
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How can E.coli break down lactose
B-galactosidase: breaks it down to glucose and galactose
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Treatment of Neisseria
- Ceftriaxone
- Rifampin prophylaxis for N.meningitis
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Transmission mode of H.influenza
Invasive disease caused by
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Legionella:
transmission mode
detection
treatment
- Aerosol transmission from water sources (no person to person)
- Ag presence in the urine
- Erythromycin
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Painful black lesions on skin called ecthema gangrenosum. Bug association
- Pseudomonas (water-source)
- Due to sepsis in neutropenic patients
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3 toxins of Pseudomonas
- 1. pyocyanin (blue-green pigment)
- 2. exotoxin (inactivates EF-2)
- 3. endotoxin (fever, shock)
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Which E.coli causes dysentery but doesn't produce a toxin
- EIEC
- (invasion of intestinal mucosa)
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How does EHEC cause dysentery
- HUS
- Endothelium swells and narrows lumen:
- mechanical hemolysis (anemia)
- decreases renal blood flow (renal failure)
- damaged endothelium consumes platelets (thrombocytopenia)
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Bug that causes nosocomial UTIs
Klebsiella
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What virulence factor of Salmonella causes osteomyelitis
- Capsule (VF for sickle-cell patients)
- ** not the flagella **
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Salmonella typhi causes a carrier state in what organ
Gallbladder
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Movement of Shigella
- Actin polymerization
- (do not have flagella)
- More virulent than Salmonella (can cause infection with 10 organisms vs. Salmonella that needs 10^5)
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Transmission of Campylobacter
- Fecal-oral
- most common in children thru poultry, domestic animals, milk
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Bug that produces abdominal pain like Crohn's or appendicitis
- Yersinia enterocolytica
- Daycare centres
- From pet feces
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Urease (+) bugs
- Proteus
- Klebsiella
- H.pylori
- Cryptococcus
- Nocardia
- Ureaplasma
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Borrelia
- Spirochete with axial filaments
- Only spirochete to be visualized under aniline dyes (Wright', Giemsa)
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Pt. travels to the caribbean and returns with severe form of jaundice, renal dysfunction, anemia, fever, hemorrhage
- Weils disease (icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis)
- Leptospira (animal urine)
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Stages of Lyme disease
- 1. Rash
- 2. Bell's palsy, AV block
- 3. Migratory poly-and chronic monoathritis
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Stages of syphilis
- 1. painless chancre
- 2. condyloma lata, maculopapular rash on hands and soles
- 3. ARP, Tabes, gummas, Charcoats joint, stroke without hypertension
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Young boy presents with anterior bowing of tibia, flat nose, CN VIII deafness, notching of the upper teeth.
Congenital syphilis
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Black pigmented skin and river blindness. Bug and tx
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Ivermectin
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Undercooked pork and larvae encyst in the muscle
Trichinella spiralis (roundworm)
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Undercooked pork causes mass lesions in the brain
Taenia solium (tapeworm)
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Eggs in dog feces and cause cysts in the liver
Echinococcus granulosus
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Undercooked fish
Inflammation of the biliary tract --> pigmented gallstones
Cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis senesis (liver fluke)
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Undercooked crab meat causing hemoptysis
Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)
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Portal hypertension and hematuria, freshwater snails as host
Schistosoma
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Viruses with segmented genomes exchange material
Reassortment
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Virus A is non-infective; virus B can complement Vius A to make a functional protein
Complementation
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Which DNA viruses are not infectious
- HBV
- Poxvirus (carries own DNA-dep RNA polymerase)
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Which RNA viruses don't replicate in the cytoplasm
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All enveloped viruses acquire envelope from plasma membrane, except
HSV (acquire from nuclear membrane)
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treatment for malaria
- Chloroquine
- Mefloquine (if resistant)
- Primaquine for P.vivax/ovale dormant forms in the liver
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Triad of toxoplasma; tx?
- Hydrocephalus
- Intra-cranial calcifications
- Chorioretinitis
Tx: Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine
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Hemorrhagic cystitis and conjuctivitis in young daycare children
Adenovirus (DNA)
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Polyomavirus types
- 1 JC leads to PML in HIV
- 2 BK targets the kidney
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What virus is latent in the mononuclear cells?
CMV
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RNA viruses that are segmental
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Picornaviruses are fecal-oral with the exception of?
Rhinovirus (acid labile: destroyed by stomach acid)
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Virus that causes the fever associated with jaundice, black vomit
- Yellow virus
- Flavi (arbovirus)
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Rotavirus causes what damage in the GI
- Villous destruction with atrophy
- (decreased absorption of Na+ and water)
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Influenza virus has hemagluttinin and neuraminidase
- Hemagluttinin: promotes viral entry
- Neuraminidase: promotes progeny virus release
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Truncal rash that starts at the head and moves downward
Postauricular lymphadenopathy
Rubella (German measles)
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Paramyxoviruses contain what virulence factor
- Fusion (F) protein
- Causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multi-nucleated giant cells
Tx: palivzumab = monoclonal Ab against the F protein
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HIV binds to what factors on T cells and macrophages. Mutations on CCR5?
- T cells: CCR5 and CXCR4 and CD4
- macropahges: CCR5 and CD4
- homozygous CCR5 = immunity
- heterozygous CCR5 = slower infectious course
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Structural proteins and functions of HIV
- 1) gp160 = gp120 for attachment (crosses the placenta) + gp41 for fusion and entry
- 2) gag (p24) = capsid entry
- 3) pol = RT gene
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HIV targets what T cells and why do pts suffer from opportunistic dz?
- CD4 T cells
- Cannot make Ab such as IgG, IgA, or IgE
- (don't need T cells to make IgM = no class switching)
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Difference between Kaposi's and bacillary angiomatosis on lab findings
- Kaposi's: lymphocytic infiltrate (HHV-8)
- Bacillary: neutrophilic infiltrate (bartonella henslae)
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C-J disease and prion pathology
Conversion into a B-pleated sheet (PrPsc) which is transmissible and resists degradation
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Bug that colonizes skin
S. epidermitis
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Protozoan that causes bloody diarrhea
Entameoba histolytica
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Emperic treatment for meningitis
- Ceftriaxone
- Clindamycin
- Ampicillin (if Listeria)
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Neonatal manifestation of CMV
Hearing loss
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Neonatal manifestations of Rubella
Respiratory transmission
PDA, cataracts, deafness
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Meningitis in unimmunized children that colonizes the nasopharynx
If meningitis causes myalgia and paralysis
H.influenza type B
Poliovirus
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Branching rods in oral infection
- Actinomyces
- (also has sulfur granules)
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