orchitis cryptorchidism cancer stds.txt

swelling or inflammation of one or both testicles and may occur with prostatic or epididymal infection

• bacterial or viral infection
• STDs
• traumatic injury

• sudden in onset
• unilateral or bilateral swelling
• mild to sever scrotal pain
• tenderness in one or both testicles
• prostate enlargement and tenderness
• penile discharge
• nausea/vomiting
• fever

• vaccination against mumps
• abstinence
• monogamy
• condoms
• protective cups against physical injury

• physical/digital rectal examination
• blood/urine testing for bacterial culture
• ultrasound
• testicular scan (nuclear)

• NSAIDs
• bed rest
• cold pack to scrotum
• antibiotics

• undescended testicle - one or both testicles fail to descend before birth
• ~3% full-term male newborns have one undescended testicle at birth
• ~30% premature newborns have undescended testicle at birth
• testicles usually descend during 8th month gestation

• short spermatic artery
• poor blood supply

• infertility
• high risk of developing testicular cancer

• hormonal therapy
• surgery

~90% of testicular cancer cases may have either a painless but slightly uncomfortable lump or testicular enlargement or swelling

• cryptorchidism
• family history
• ethnicity

• asymptomatic
• discomfort or pain in the testicle or a feeling or heaviness in the scrotum
• lump or swelling in either testivle
• dull ache in the back or lower abdomen
• gynecomastia

• physical examination
• ultrasound
• blood test for tumor markers

• surgery
• radiation therapy
• chemo

• pubic hair thins and grays
• loss of elasticity of external genitalia causing wrinkling and sagging of skin
• testes decrease in size
• testosterone levels decline and sperm count decreases
• prostate gland secretions decrease

• enlargement of the prostate gland
• affects >50% of men over age 60 and 90% of men over 70
• ratio of testosterone/estrogen (from adrenal cortex) changes due to lower testosterone

• the inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse
• dilation of penile arteries causing an engorgement of erectile tissue of the penis under control of ANS
• 18 million men in the US age 20 and over are affected
• risk increases dramatically as men age

never able to develop an erection

sudden onset of impotency, although erections have been sustained in the past

• psychological
• physiological

• medical, sexual and psychosocial history
• physical examination
• lab tests
• ultrasound

• medications
• penile pumps or transplants
• vascular surgery

• spread by sexual contact (unprotected oral, anal or vaginal sex)
• caused by bacteria, viruses or protozoa
• symptoms: none or minor, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, adverse pregnancy outcomes