Immune sytem

protect againt pathogen, foreign material, remove damged or dead cells, remove abnormal cells

• bacteria
• viruses
• worms
• fungi
• parasites
• protozoa

• incorrect immune responses
• _{autoimmune (type 1 diabetes)}
• overactive immune responses 
• _allergies
• lack of immune response
• _{immunodeficiency disease}

• produce, store, process lymphocytes
• include:
• bone marrow
• lymph nodes= storage
• spleen,thymus- matuartion cells
• tonsils/ adenoids
• appendix
• peyers patches (GAIT)

• drain tissue
• filtering
• fat transport

• remove impurities and pathogens from lymph 
• lymphocyte sotrage and phagocytosis-chew down any debris

• quick
• external defenses
• inflammation
• interferon-early response to viral infection
• natural killer cells
• complement system

• slower but stronger
• T-cells
• B-cells

• Physical barriers
• _skin
• _{mucous membranes}
• Chemical Barriers
• _{stomach acid}
• _{lysozyme is secreted fluids}

• realease chemical signals such as histamine
• dilation causes phagocytes to area
• phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) consume bacteria and cell debris; tissue heals 

• increase blood flow to site
• increase permeability of capillaries
• increase WBC/ protein to site
• increase fluid (swelling)

tissue trauma-> histamine release -> pyremia-heat-> dilation of arterioles and capillaries-> increase capillary permeanility-> neutrphil in and out of blood vessel ( leukocytosis)-> inflammatory exudate-> monocyte and fibrin 

• interleukins
• _{cause fever}
• _{change permeability of blood vessels} 
• Bradykinin- trigger pain receptors
• complement proteins 
• _{cascade produce membrane attack complex} 
• _{breakdown of foreign cell}

• chemical that activate cell
• trigger response

• ingest foreign cells and chemicals
• _macrophages
• _neutrophils
• Natural killer cells
• kill tumor and infected cells

•  Cytokines mediate inflammatory response

• marks cell for helper T- cells 
• mediate increased response 

• kill infected cells
• attack some tumor cells
• secrete chemical signals
• _{interferon(a,b)prevent viral replication}
• _{interferon (y)- activate macrophages and other immune cells} 

released by infected cells to help prevent infection of other healthy cells 

• 1. identify foreign substance
• 2. communicate with other immune cells
• 3. coordinate response
• 4. destroy invader

• target antigens
• cytokines regulate both innate and acquired immune responses 
• T-cell and B-cell reaction

• active natural-immune response
• active acquired- ex-vaccinations
• passive natural- ex-breast milk 
• passive acquired-give immune response
• ex gamma globulins (immune deficiency)

• very specific to their virus
• response specific to create antibodies 

• naive lymphocytes-not stimulated
• antigen bind to specific lymphocyte clone 
• clone expansion
• _{cells muliply rapidly}
• _{become plasma,helper T and cytoxic cells}
• other cells becme memopry cells 
• _{stronger faster response to 2nd exposure} 

• B-cells 
• _{attack free virus} 
• _{antibody reaction}
• Tcells 
• _{attack infected cells} 
• both systems turn on at same time

• B-lymphocytes 
• _{plasma cells-> secrete antibodies} 
• T lymphocytes -turn on whole specific response, can become 3 type of cell 
• _{-helper T cells-> secrete cytokines} 
• _{cytotoxic T cells -> attack infected cells, kill off}
• _{surpressor T cells- limit response} 
• NK cells

• kill free viruses 
• ammunoglobins attached to B cell. Bind virus on ammunoblobin to activate B cell.  
• clonal expansion form plasma cells 
• plasma cell produce antibodies ( bind free virus)
• memory cells 
• _{faster, stronger secondary response} 
• opsonin-> antibody that sensititizes antigen to phagocytosis

increases, dur to memory cells after first exposure

• IgG- most common, secondary response IgG (more specific)
• IgA- in saliva, tears breast milk. not sure about function
• IgE-involved in allergic response. gets inlfammation
• IgM- primary response. More general
• IgD-surface of B cells- role unclear
• if have enough IgG put in you can help cure allergy

• 1. activate B-lymphocyte 
• _{memory cells and plasma cell secrete antibodies}
• 2.act as opsonin- increase phagocytosis
• 3.antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 
• 4.activate antibody dependent cellular activity 
• 5. degranulation
• 6.activate complement 

• T lymphovytes-defend against intracellular pathogens 
• T cell receptors- recognize foreign antigens with major histocmpatibilaty complex (MHC) proteins
• MHC proteins - found on all body cells  and vary in people

• cell bind to T lymphocyte
• signal transduction activates it

• on all nucleated cells of body
• Recognized by cytotoxic T cells 

• only on antigen presenting cells 
• recognized by helper T cells 

• kill infected cells
• release perforin- create holes in infected cells 
• stimulate aptosis (cell suicide)

• secrete cytokines
• _fever
• ^{increase number of B cells and T cells} 
• Bind to B cells

• malnutrition
• pre-existing disease 
• tissue injury
• stress
• state of mind
• genetic disorder
• horomone changes
• previous exposure

• hypersensitivity
• _{overreaction to immunity}
• automimmune
• _{imune against itself}
• Isoimmune
• _{immunity against other humans}
• Immunodeficient
• _{immunity lacking}

pollen, dust-> overproduction IgE-> Affinity for basophils and mast cells -> Rupture mast cell, release histamine, seratonin and bradykinin-> local edema, swelling, congestion

• immediate hypersensitvity
• _{occur w/in minutes}
• _{mediated by antbodies}
• Delayed hypersensitivity
• _{occur after several days} 
• _{mediated by helper T cells and macrphages} 

• excess IgE bound to mast cells and activated y allergens 
• inflammation
• ex: allergies 

• IgM or IgG cause destruction of foreign cells 
• cell lysis
• ex: blood incompatability

• immune complexex deposited in tissue and vessels 
• inflammation and tissue destruction
• Ex: immune complexes- glomerulonephritis

• sesnitized T lymphocytes release cytokines 
• inflammation and tissue damage 
• Ex: delayed- poison ivy, organ rejection

• symptoms:
• _{increase eosinophils}
• _{redness, heat, swelling and itching} 
• _{runny nose, coughing sneezing wheezing and nasal congestion}

• acute or chronic allergic skin reaction 
• causes:
• _plants
• _jewelry 
• _drugs

• allergy induced vs exercise induced 
• symptoms:
• _{difficulty breathing}
• _wheezing
• _anxiety
• _cough

• ex: food allergies 
• symtpoms:
• _{cramping, diarrhea} 
• _vomiting
• _{hives, rashes}
• _{runny nose}

• increase production IgG 
• IgG bind the allergen before it binds to IgE 
• decrease allergic response 

• Anaphylaxis- severe allergic response 
• causes:
• _antibiotics 
• _Anesthetics
• _Foods
• _latex 
• _Vaccine
• _{bee stings} 

• abnormal distribution of blood
• vasodilation, not providing enough blood to area 
• release histamine-> blood vessel dilate and leak plasma-> blood pressure falls-> venous return to heart impaired-> cardiac output inadequate-> circulation drastically reduced

• symptoms:
• _{itching throat, tongue}
• _{swelling of face and throat}
• Treatment
• _{epinephrine- vasodilator}
• _{corticosteroids- cortisol break down immune response}
• _{antihistamines}

• blood transfusion reaction
• symptoms of transfusion:
• _{chills/shivering}
• _fever
• _{hemolytic anemia}

• naturally occuring
• acquired 

• Type O universal donor
• AB universal recipient

• Mother antibodies attack and destroy antigen on babies RBC
• only affect Rh-positive babies carried by Rh-negative mother 
• treatment=tranfusion babies blood
• gamma globulins- fake antibodies

• autograft-from oneself
• isograft-from twin
• xenograft-from animal
• allograft-from another person

• immune systme doesnt react to self antigens
• autoimmune usually restricted to specific tissue or organs

• strep infection
• ocur one to four weeks later
• antibodies attack bacteria and own tissue 
• sypmtoms:
• _{fever, malaise , joint pain}
• _myocarditis 

• abnormal anitbodyattack own cells and tissues
• symptoms:_{joint pain and ulnar deviation}
• treatment:
• _{corticosteroids/ anti-inflammatory needs} 
• _{surgical joint replacement} 

triggered by viral infections 

• cutaneous or systemic
• symptoms:
• butterfly rash
• joint pain/fever
• low blood counts
• weight loss
• dterioration of organs 
• treatment= anti-inflammatory, analgesics

• congenital/ genetic disorder
• bone marrow suppresion-chemotherpy and radiation
• imunosurpressants
• immunodeficiency (AIDS)

• retrovirus 
• decrease helper T cells-> fewer B cells-> decrease toxic response