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Actin attachment
Protein that binds to actin
- On the Z line
- (myosin binds on M line)
- Protein: Nebulin for actin
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Chloride concentrated intracellularly or extracellular
- Extracellular
- Channel opening causes influx of Cl-ions, counteracted by negative charge of the membrane
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Skin changes with scurvy
- Hemorrhages and ecchymoses of skin and mucosa
- Poor wound healing
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Achondroplasia
- FGF-receptor-3 deficiency
- Inhibits growth at the epiphyseal plate
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Function of T-tubules
- Invaginations of sarcolemma (cell membrane)
- Phospholipid bilayer with V-gated Ca+2 channels (dihydropyidine receptors) lying next to ryanodine R located on terminal cistern of SR
- Coordinates the contraction of myofibrils
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How does cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis
- 1. Perforin forms pores and then the action of granzyme B to cleave and activate caspases
- 2. Has FasL, allowing them to kill targets by cross-linking with Fas.
Deficiency of Fas: prevents apoptosis of activated T cells allowing auto-immune cells to cause infections
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Adverse affects of succinycholine
- Hyperkalemia in patients with burns, myopathies, crush injuries, and denervation
- Maligant hyperthermia (esp with halothane)
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Function of colchicine
Inhibits chemotaxis of neutrophils by preventing microtubule formation
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Hemolysis in sickle cell disease - lab values?
- Macrophages clearing RBC in the spleen
- Increase in unconjugated bilirubin
- Increase in LDH
- Decrease in haptoglobin as it binds free Hb and spleen removes the complex
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Soleus and paraspinal muscles contain what type of fibres
- Type 1: red, rich in myoglobin
- slow twitch that derive ATP from aerobic metabolism
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Myasthenia gravis causes what post-synaptic changes
- AutoAbs against the Ach-R
- Reduces the end plate AP (decreases ability of Ach to bind to post-synaptic cation channels)
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Acute tx of RA? Long-term tx?
- Prednisone/Naproxen
- Methotrexate
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Pathogenesis of anabolic steroids
Methyl-testosterone is converted to DHT, which causes excessive follicular epidermal hyperproliferation and excessive sebum production
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Action of bisphosphanates
- Pyrophosphate analogues (component of hydroxyapetite)
- Decrease bone resorption by interfering with osteoclasts
Always stand upright when taking drug to prevent reflux esophagitis
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Dystonia
- Painful involuntary contractions of a certain part of the body with recurrent episodes
- 1. cervical torticolis
- 2. blepharospasm (initially uncontrolled blinking followed by forced closure of eyelids)
- 3. writer's cramp
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Sudden, brief shock-like muscle contraction. Dx? Physiological and pathological types.
- Myoclonus
- Physiological: hiccups, hypnic jerks (when falling asleep)
- Pathological: epilepsy, CJD
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Bone matrix components
- 1. Hydroxyapetite crystals
- 2. Type I collagen (link to OI)
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Regulation of osteoclast differentiation
- Controlled by osteoblasts
- RANK-L and M-CSF
- Osteoclasts have receptors for these molecules
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When two complete sets of chromosomes exist within an organism or cell.
- Polyploidy
- e.g. complete hydatiform mole: 69XXY
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Carpal tunnel bounded by?
Contents of carpal tunnel
- Anterior: flexor retinaculum
- Posterior: carpal bones
Contents: median nerve, tendons of flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus
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Most damaged structure in the intercostal space
- Nerve
- (intercostal vein most protected by the costal groove as most superficial)
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Mechanism of rickets
- Decreased bone mineralization
- Increased osteoblasts to deposit more osteoid to strengthen the bone, but will be soft and weak.
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Compression of vertebral artery in the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae
- Decreased blood flow
- Motor weakness, CN problems (opthalmoplegia), cerbellar problems (ataxia)
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Herniation of nucleus pulposus causes what?
- Compression of the spinal nerve
- Sx: pain, burning, tingling, muscle weakness
- Herniation occurs via rupture of the annulus fibrosis
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Plasmacytoma
- Involves soft tissues (nose, lungs)
- M (IgG) spike
- Mass shows plasma cells
- No BM plasma cell proliferation or skeletal lesions
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MGUS
- Monoclonal spike (IgG) on urine electrophoresis
- No mass, BM lesion or skeletal lesions
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Breech delivery of a baby presented with hyperextended arm, paralysis of intrinsic hand muscles, and sensation loss on inner surface of hand.
- Klumpke's palse
- Upper brachial plexusi injury
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Histo of utricaria (hives)
Dilated superficial lymphatic channels
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Granular complement and IgG at the dermal-epidermal junction
SLE
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Urine turns black upon standing at room temperature
Alkaptonuria (athritic dz where accumulated homogenisitc acid deposits in the tendons, cartilage, etc.)
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Anterior dislocation of shoulder damages what nerve?
- Axillary n.
- Shoulder exits inferiorly first and axillary nerve exits inferiorly from the axilla
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Abductor pollicis longus vs abductor pollicis brevis. Nerve supply?
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Muscles that elevate the tongue to the roof of the mouth
- 1. Styloglossus (CN XII)
- 2. Palatoglossus (CN X)
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Disorder due to deficiency in glycoproteins
Hunters and Hurlers
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Chronic corticosteroid therapy leads to what muscle problem
- Atrophy of type II fibres
- Proximal muscle weakness
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Mitochondrial myopathy
- Ragged red fibres in the muscle
- Proximal muscle weakness
- Eye involvement
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Erythema multiforme causes
Immune complex deposition in dermal blood vessels
- Causes:
- a) Mycoplasma, Herpes, Chlamydia
- b) Sulfa drugs, Phenytoin, Penicillin
- c) Neoplasia, sarcoidosis
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What muscles insert on the greater trochanter of the femur?
Gluteus minimus, medius, and piriformis
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Muscles that insert on the lesser trochanter of the femur?
Psoas major
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Muscles that insert on the gluteal tuberosity of the femur?
Gluteal maximus
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Crusted red erythematous lesions seen with multiple blisters, and full epidermis peeled off in a newborn
Staph-scalded skin syndrome
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Site of latency for CMV
Site of latency for VZV
Site of latency for EBV
- macrophages
- dorsal root ganglia
- B cells
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