Descriptions of how individual consumers differ according to specific trait or patterns of behavior are called _____.
e.individual lifestyle variables
A. individual difference variables
_____ is the totality of thoughts, emotions, intentions, and behaviors that a person exhibits consistently as he or she adapts to his or her environment.
C. personality
In which approach to studying personality are behaviors assessed at a number of points in time?
Which psychologist advocated the psychoanalytic approach to personality?
E. Freud
According to the psychoanalytic approach to personality, which personality element focuses on pleasure-seeking and immediate gratification?
A. id
Which of the following motivates a person to focus on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain?
A. pleasure principle
According to the psychoanalytic approach to personality, the superego _____.
B. works against the id by motivating behavior that matches societal norms and expectations
According to the psychoanalytic approach to personality, which element works largely in accordance with the reality principle?
D. ego
Which consumer research utilized tools such as depth interviews and focus groups to improve understanding of inner motives and needs?
D. motivational research
Which approach to personality focuses on specific consumer traits as motivators of various consumer behaviors?
A. trait approach
A distinguishable characteristic that describes one’s tendency to act in relatively consistent manner is called a(n) _____.
A. trait
Which of the following is a “variable-centered” approach that focuses on particular variables, or traits, that exist across a number of consumers?
E. nomotheic perspective
Which approach focuses on the total person and the uniqueness of his or her psychological makeup rather than focusing on one trait across many individuals?
B. idiographic perspective
In which approach is the focus of the researcher on one particular trait, such as need for cognition, rather than on a combination of traits?
e.uni-trait approach
C. single-trait approach
Which trait represents the tendency for consumers to focus on maximizing what is received from a transaction as compared to what is given?
A. value consciousness
Which trait refers to the extent to which material goods are important in a consumer’s life?
E. materialism
Which of the following is a dimension of materialism?
The degree to which a consumer is open to new ideas and buying new products, services, or experiences early in their introduction is referred to as _____.
All of the following are dominant traits proposed in the five-factor model (FFM) approach EXCEPT _____
D. frugality
All of the following are criticisms of the trait approach to studying personality EXCEPT _____.
B. It is impossible to objectively assign a personality trait score to an individual consumer.
A relatively new approach to researching consumers, which combines personality theory and motivation is the _____ approach.
E. personology
All of the following are typical brand personality dimensions EXCEPT _____.
A. conscientiousness
When Honda first introduced the Odyssey, it’s offering in the mini-van category, it was promoted as the “Honda of mini-vans.” Honda was building off of its reputation for marketing reliable and dependable automobiles. Which brand personality dimension does this illustrate?
d.ruggedness
e.sincerity
B. competence
The finding that consumers who experience significant life events at approximately the same age are greatly influenced by the events is known as the _____ effect.
A. cohort
The relationship between consumer and brand has been described in terms of _____.
a.love and passion
b.self-connection
c.commitment
d.intimacy
e.all of these choices
e. all of these choices
The ways consumers live and spend their time and money is known as consumer _____.
All of the following are primary motivations examined in the VALS classification of consumer lifestyles EXCEPT _____.
E. financial motivations
Which of the following is a group in the VALS2 classification?
C. innovators
In the VALS classification of consumers, Thinkers _____.
E. are ideal motivated mature, and value order
_____ combine data on consumer expenditures and socioeconomic variables with geographic information in order to identify commonalities in consumption patterns of households in various regions.
A. Geodemographic techniques
It is often useful to look at demographic variables, such as age, income, and education, by ZIP codes. Combining demographic data with geographic information such as zip codes is an example of using a _____ technique.
D. geodemographic
PRIZM combines _____ information in a manner that enables marketers to better understand and target their customers.
D. demographic and behavioral
PRIZM is a consumer classification system that uses _____ different segments.
a.8
b.10
c.25
d.66
e.132
d. 66
_____ refers to the totality of thoughts and feelings that an individual has about him- or herself.
B. self-concept
The study of symbols and their meaning is referred to as _____.
C. semiotics
Which self-concept refers to how a consumer currently perceives him- or herself?
B. actual self
Which self-concept refers to how a consumer would like to perceive himself?
E. ideal self
The positivity of an individual’s self-concept is called _____.
Which theory proposes that much of consumer behavior can be explained by the match between a consumer’s self-concept and the image of typical users of a product?
