-
- Survival
- Reproduction
As temperature goes up, so does number of batters getting hit.
Social behaviors
-
Struggle for resources
Survival
-
Quest for immortality
Reproduction
-
- Behavior used to harm another
Aggression
-
People aggress when their goals are thwarted
Frustrating aggression principle
-
Spontaneous aggression
Impulsive Aggression
-
Uncomfortable internal state:
- - Temperature
- - Pain
- - Triggers
-
Violent vs. Non-violent aggression
- - Violent = robber w/ gun
- - Non-violent (defrauding shareholders
All to achieve goals in self interest
-
What is the best predictor of aggression?
-
- Wason Card-selction task
- Prisoner's Dilemma
Cooperation
-
hypothesis confirming bias "if not P then Q"
Wason Card-selecting task
-
self interest (even in the face of lesser punishment always rules out
Prisoner's dilemma
-
Behavior benefitting another without benefitting ones self
Altruism
-
Evolution selects for genes that cause individuals to provide benefits to their relatives
Kin selection
-
Benefits another with rule that benefits will be returned in future
Reciprocal Altruism
-
Two or more people with something in common
Groups
-
Posintive of negative evaluation of group members
Prejudice
-
Positive or negative behavior based on their group membership
Discrimination
-
Who do people favor more, "in-group" members or "out-group" members?
"In-group" members
-
Do good citizens often behave badly in groups?
Yes
-
Effects of group on individual behavior
- - Deindividualism
- - Social Loafing
- - Diffusion of responsibility
- - Bystander intervention
- - Group polarization
- - Groupthink hypothesis
-
Those excluded form society show brain activity similar to ______.
Pain
-
Effect of group in individual behavior
Lose individual values
Deindividualism
-
Effect of group in individual behavior
Expend less effort when in group than alone
Social Loafing
-
Effect of group in individual behavior
Diminished responsibility for their actions when surrounded by others acting similar
Diffusion of responsibility
-
Effect of group in individual behavior
Helping strangers in emergency
Bystander intervention
-
Effect of group in individual behavior
Group's initial learning gets strong over time
Group polarization
-
Effect of group in individual behavior
Cohesive decisions interfere with challenging and questioning
Groupthink hypothesis
-
-
Selectivity
women>men
- Birth has no physical costs for men
-
Women more selective unless culture lowers costs (birth control, child rearing, financial independence)
Socialization
-
Types of Attraction
- - Situational--mere exposure effect
- - Physical--attractiveness
- - Psychological--similarity
-
Universals for attractiveness
- - "V" males
- - hourglass shape females
- - symmetry of face and body
- - immature facial for females
- - mature facial for males
- - genetic predisposition to prefer qualities
-
-
Few species have long-term commitment. Why us?
- Our infants are born immature
-
Love
- - Passionate
- - Companionate
- - Social exchange hypothesis
-
Social exchange hypothesis
People remain in relationships as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits.
- - Comparison level (to alternate)
- - Equity (for both partners equal cost-benefit)
- - Time, vested interests
-
-
Control of one person's behavior by another
Social influence
-
One person observes another being rewarded or punished
Observational learning
-
Organisms repeat behaviors that are rewarded
Hedonic motive
-
Exceptions to Hedonic motive
- - Reward and punishment sometimes more effective on humans bc of observational learning
- - Rewards and punishment often less effective bc we think about causes of rewards or punishments
-
We depend on each other for many things
Approval motive
-
Approval is a __________.
Reward
-
Standard for behavior
Norm
-
Person's behavior provides normative information to next person
Normative influence
-
People should benefit those that benefit them
Norm of reciprocity
-
Refuse something initially; say yes at next request, using reciprocate concessions to influence behavior
Door in the face technique
-
Tendency to do what others do simple because others are doing it
Conformity
-
Example of conformity
Line test, Solomaon Asch
-
Nazi criminal put to death for "obeying authority"
Adolf Eichmann
-
Tendency to do what authorities tell us because we are told to.
- Stanley Milgram
Obedience
-
We are motivated to know that is true, good, so that our actions will be fruitful
Accuracy motive
-
Enduring feeling towards object or event
Attitude
-
Enduring knowledge about object or event
Belief
-
Behavior provides infor about what is good or true
Informational influence
-
Persons attitude of beliefs influenced by communication
- Systematic
- Heuristic
Persuasion
-
Change in attitude brought by appeals to reason or logic
Systematic persuasion
-
Change in attitutde brought by appeals to habit of emotion
Heuristic persuasion
-
-
Unpleasant state that arises with inconsistency of actions, attitudes, or beliefs
Cognitive dissonance
-
Uses persons desire for consistency to influence behavior
Foot in the door technique
-
-
- Categorization
- Drawing inferences about somebody based on group they belong to
Stereotyping
-
Types of stereotyping
- - Inaccurate
- - Overused
- - Self-perpetuating
- - Automatic
-
Inaccurate stereotyping
Illusory correlation--seeing strong pattern or relationship where no such exists
-
List race before taking SAT
Self-perpetuating stereotyping
-
Automatic Stereotyping
Unconsciously done
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