OB Ch3.txt

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perception

process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us
selective attention
- size
- intensity
- novelty
- motion
- repetition
- out of context
- innate drives to reinforce self concept
- anticipations of future events
confirmation bias

tendency to screen information that is contrary to our vlaues and assumptions, already formed theory
functions of emotional markers
- store information in memory
- reproduce the same emotion when we then think abou this information
- make quick judgments of good and bads in interpretations
categorical thinking

organizing people and objects into preconceived categories that are stored in our long-termed memories
Perceptual grouping principles
- perceptiual groupings are based on...
- Identifying patterns
- Similarity or proximity
- Cognitive closure: filling in missing pieces
the above process operates very quickly and without our awareness, based on very thin slices of information
mental models

visual or relational images in our mind that represent the external world
pros and cons about mental model
- pro: help us quickly make sense of the world
- con: block recognition of new/ unfamiliar information
minimize the perceptual problems with mental models
- work with people from diverse backgrounds
- constantly questions the mental models
social identity theory

explains how we perceive other people by categorization, homogenization and differentiation
homogenization

ascribing similar characteristics to people within a group
differentiation

assigning more favourable characteristics to our own group
stereotyping

Develop social categories and assign traits to people based on their group membership
what affects stereotypes?
- personal experience
- cultural upbringings
- media image
why do we have stereotypes
- strong need for cognitive closure
- easier to remember features of different people
- enhances self-concept(differentiation)
problems with stereotyping
- inaccurate
- discrimination
attribution process
- Attribute causes of events to people(internal) or situation(external)
- Assign credit or blame
why is attribution process important

it forms cause-effect relationship, hence affecting how we respond to others' behaviors
attribution rules(internal)
- high consistency
- low distinctiveness
- low consensus
fundamental attribution error

tendency to see the person rather than the situation as the main cause of that person's behavior
self-serving bias

tendency to attribute favourable outcomes to internal factors and our failures to external factors
self-fulfillig prophecy

the perceptual process in which our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations
contingencies of self-serving prophecy
- At the beginning of a relationship
- When several people have similar expectations about the person
- When the person has low past achievement
reason for self-fulfilling prophecy
- expectations motivates employees
- more skills and knowledge are provided for employees because of the expectations

Author

Anonymous

177527

Card Set

OB Ch3.txt

Description

perceptions and learning in organizations

Updated

2012-10-14T09:06:28Z

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