Perspectives Test 2

• Shahadah
• Salah
• Sawm
• Zakah
• Hajj

Testifying to belief in Allah and that Muhammad is His Prophet

Performing regular daily prayers

Fasting during Islamic calendar month of Ramadan

Giving alms to the poor

Making a pilgrimage to Mecca

Theory in normative ethics saying the proper course of action is the one that maximizes overall happiness

Theory in normative ethics basing the morality of an action on the action's adherence to a rule or rules

• Scholar of religion focusing on ethics.
• Believes in possible ethical discourse in a religiously pluralistic society

• Hybrid between cat and rabbit
• Jeffrey Stout uses this example as possible abomination
• "When the anomalous or ambiguous character of an object, event, or act seems to threaten disruption of the natural-social order, rather than promising to knit that order together, the object, event, or act will be abominated."

The use of reason to analyze human nature

• Combined deity form of both Vishnu and Shiva
• Philosophical term to denote unity of Vishnu and Shiva as different aspects of the same supreme god

• Mesopotamian goddess
• Originally important and good creator
• Political changes end up with her being a monster
• This is due to gender conflicts changing over time as society develops

Looked down upon, but seen to bring about fertility, health, and prosperity for a newborn child, and to a newly married couple at a wedding

• Shi'i
• Sunni
• Sufi

• Leadership passed to Imams
• Descended from Prophet, divine intermediary- first was Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali

• Strictly opposes any belief in divine intermediaries
• Prophet had no such divine authority

Took Sunni and made it ascetic, very mystical orientation

• Leader from Mecca who unified Arabia into single religious polity under Islam.
• Messenger and Prophet of God
• Had 10-15 wives

"Those who submit to Allah"

• Allah revealed this to Muhammad beginning in 610 C.E.
• Believed to be verbatim word of Allah

Accounts of Prophet's Sunna (life practices)

• Moral code and religious law of Islam
• Two primary sources: precepts set forth in the Qur'an and the example set by Muhammad in the Sunnah

• Interpretations of the Qur'an
• Adam and Eve were originally equal in the Fall from the Garden
• Later interpretations assign blame to Eve

• Caretaker role
• Role given to male if it is helpful for the female

• Sign
• Duality of genders is a sign of God's presence

Sex outside of marriage

• Islamic scholar who addressed sexuality extensively
• Marriage's main goal is to reproduce
• Scripture says praise Allah after orgasm
• Contraception is permissible (if Allah says there will be child, contraception can't stop it)
• There are sexual pleasures in Heaven

• Muhammad's first wife
• Wealthy 40-year-old merchant who proposed to Muhammad
• She was the first convert to Islam

• Muhammad's only virgin wife (6-8 years old)
• Muhammad died in her arms
• Came back one day with male companion (declared innocent because there were not 4 witnesses)

Use the Qur'an to argue gender equality

Use the Qur'an and outside resources to argue for gender equality

• Advocate a political state of Islam
• Don't challenge gender inequality in private sphere
• Seek to alleviate oppression of women in public sphere

The practice of veiling women

• Islamic Bill of Rights in the bedroom
• Islamic Bill of Rights in the Mosque
• Her 99 precepts (Bill of Rights) call not for "reform of Islam" but rather restoration of Islam

First female president of the Islamic Society of North America

• 13 year old girl from Yemen
• "Stranger in her own city"

• This is an important part of creation stories
• It is common in relations between male and female
• It is inherent as males try to control female reproductive powers

People thought it came from the brain and contained a soul

• "Nothing essential to Islamic theology endorses the harem, the veil, and the seclusion of women."
• Difficult to separate what is cultural from what is "authentic" or "essential" to a religion