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The Five Pillars of Islam
- Shahadah
- Salah
- Sawm
- Zakah
- Hajj
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Shahadah
Testifying to belief in Allah and that Muhammad is His Prophet
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Salah
Performing regular daily prayers
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Sawm
Fasting during Islamic calendar month of Ramadan
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Zakah
Giving alms to the poor
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Hajj
Making a pilgrimage to Mecca
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Utilitarianism
Theory in normative ethics saying the proper course of action is the one that maximizes overall happiness
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Deontology
Theory in normative ethics basing the morality of an action on the action's adherence to a rule or rules
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Jeffrey Stout
- Scholar of religion focusing on ethics.
- Believes in possible ethical discourse in a religiously pluralistic society
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Cabbit
- Hybrid between cat and rabbit
- Jeffrey Stout uses this example as possible abomination
- "When the anomalous or ambiguous character of an object, event, or act seems to threaten disruption of the natural-social order, rather than promising to knit that order together, the object, event, or act will be abominated."
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Natural Law
The use of reason to analyze human nature
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Hari-hara
- Combined deity form of both Vishnu and Shiva
- Philosophical term to denote unity of Vishnu and Shiva as different aspects of the same supreme god
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Tiamat
- Mesopotamian goddess
- Originally important and good creator
- Political changes end up with her being a monster
- This is due to gender conflicts changing over time as society develops
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Hijra
Looked down upon, but seen to bring about fertility, health, and prosperity for a newborn child, and to a newly married couple at a wedding
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Three primary communities of Islam
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Shi'i
- Leadership passed to Imams
- Descended from Prophet, divine intermediary- first was Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali
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Sunni
- Strictly opposes any belief in divine intermediaries
- Prophet had no such divine authority
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Sufi
Took Sunni and made it ascetic, very mystical orientation
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Muhammad
- Leader from Mecca who unified Arabia into single religious polity under Islam.
- Messenger and Prophet of God
- Had 10-15 wives
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Muslim
"Those who submit to Allah"
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Qur'an
- Allah revealed this to Muhammad beginning in 610 C.E.
- Believed to be verbatim word of Allah
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Hadith
Accounts of Prophet's Sunna (life practices)
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Shari'a
- Moral code and religious law of Islam
- Two primary sources: precepts set forth in the Qur'an and the example set by Muhammad in the Sunnah
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Tafasir
- Interpretations of the Qur'an
- Adam and Eve were originally equal in the Fall from the Garden
- Later interpretations assign blame to Eve
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Qiwamah
- Caretaker role
- Role given to male if it is helpful for the female
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Ayah
- Sign
- Duality of genders is a sign of God's presence
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Zina
Sex outside of marriage
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Al-Ghazali
- Islamic scholar who addressed sexuality extensively
- Marriage's main goal is to reproduce
- Scripture says praise Allah after orgasm
- Contraception is permissible (if Allah says there will be child, contraception can't stop it)
- There are sexual pleasures in Heaven
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Khadija
- Muhammad's first wife
- Wealthy 40-year-old merchant who proposed to Muhammad
- She was the first convert to Islam
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Aisha
- Muhammad's only virgin wife (6-8 years old)
- Muhammad died in her arms
- Came back one day with male companion (declared innocent because there were not 4 witnesses)
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Islamic Feminists
Use the Qur'an to argue gender equality
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Muslim Feminists
Use the Qur'an and outside resources to argue for gender equality
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Islamists
- Advocate a political state of Islam
- Don't challenge gender inequality in private sphere
- Seek to alleviate oppression of women in public sphere
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Hijab
The practice of veiling women
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Asra Nomani
- Islamic Bill of Rights in the bedroom
- Islamic Bill of Rights in the Mosque
- Her 99 precepts (Bill of Rights) call not for "reform of Islam" but rather restoration of Islam
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Ingrid Mattson
First female president of the Islamic Society of North America
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Najmia
- 13 year old girl from Yemen
- "Stranger in her own city"
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Conflict
- This is an important part of creation stories
- It is common in relations between male and female
- It is inherent as males try to control female reproductive powers
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Semen
People thought it came from the brain and contained a soul
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Tension in Islam between culture and religion
- "Nothing essential to Islamic theology endorses the harem, the veil, and the seclusion of women."
- Difficult to separate what is cultural from what is "authentic" or "essential" to a religion
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