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Sensation
- describes the process through which we detect physical energy from the enviroment and code that energy as neural signals.activity at the level of senses. (aka raw/sensory and evidence/data)raw sensory data with no perception
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Perception
- describes the way a person selects, organizes, and interprets sensory information.
- mental interpretation of sensory data selection/attention, organization and interpretation of sensory data
- when you interput the data of the senses or sensations then that's perception.
- gets your attention/ what you select to pay attention to and then organize/ look for patterns and correctly perceive (interpt)
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Retina
is a multilayered tissue at the back of the eye that is responsible for visual transduction.
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Rod
is a photoreceptor cell in the retina that responds to varifying degrees of light and dark.
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Cones
are photorecpectors cells in the retina that enables a person to see color.
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Blindsight
is a condition in which a person is not consciously aware of what he or she sees, but can still partically respond to visual information.
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Taste Bud
is a structure on the tongue that contains the receptor cells for taste.
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Microvillius
is a tiny hair at the tip of a taste receptor cell.
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Neuropathic pain
is a negative feeling caused by a malfunction in the central nervous system.
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Referred pain
is a negative feeling that occurs when sensory information from internal and external areas converges on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord.
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How many senses are there?
What did the teacher say they were also known as?
- 5 senses, plus an extra 2
- windows to the soul
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Vision (visual)
light waves to receptor cells in the eye's retinas, where cones (color) and rods (night vision) are located.
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Hearing (auditory)
- sound waves to receptor cells inside cochlea
- basilar membrane (inner ear)
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If a tree falls on an island, does it make a sound?
- it makes sound waves. It's only when a person is there to hear it or a recording is made that it makes a sound.
- it's how it is preceived
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Touch (somesthetic (body) and cutaneous (skin))
- pressure to receptor cells on skinpain, touch, could, hot
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Smell (olfactory)
molecules in air to receptor cells in nose, olfactory epithelium
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Taste (gustation)
- molecules in food to receptor cells in taste buds in mouth
- triggers the sensation for the 4 distinct taste buds:
- sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
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Are there more then 5 senses??
- body sensation (aka kinesthetic sense)
- movement (balance)
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Neckar Cube
- your mind swiches back and forth between images, never allowing you to see both interpretations at the same time
- we are only able to focus on one perception at any given time, even though we know that alternative interpretations are possible
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Perception is subjective!
- based on experiences, exceptions, suggestions, our values, and background data is influenced by our mind
- we are not just passive recipents of the outside world
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Consciousness
is a person's awareness of himself or herself and his or her enviroment
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Sleep
is a natural loss of consciousness
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REM Rapid Eye Movement
is a recurring stage of sleep during which vivid dreams usually occur
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Beta wave
is a type of brain wave that characterizes active wakefulness
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Alpha Wave
is a type of brain wave that characterizes a relaxed state of wakefulness
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Theta wave
is a type of brain wave that chariterizes the first stages of sleep
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Delta wave
is a type of wave with a high amplitude that characterizes satge 3
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Night Terrors
are features of a relatively bengin, albeit disturbing, sleep disorder most common in young children and charterised by epsiodes of high arousal and terrified appearance
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Dream
is a sequence of images, feelings, ideas, and impressions that pass through people's minds as they sleep
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manifest content
is what a person expilicitly remembers about a dream- it's storyline, characters, and details
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Latent Content
describes the unconscious meaning of a dream
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hypnotic analgesia
consists of pain releif through hypnosis
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Behaviorism
is a method of studying larning in which the researcher focouses solely on directly observable responses and discards any refrences to inner thoughts, feelings, motives
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Associative Learning
is learning characterized by linking two events that occur together
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Conditioning
is a process of learning associations in which an implicit memory forms because of repeated exposure to a certain stimulus
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Generalization
is a process in which a learner reacts to a particular object or situations in the same way that he or she reacts to one that resembles that object or situation
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Stimulus discrimination
is a process in which a learner is trained to distinguish similar but distinct stimuli
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Discriminative stimulus
is a cue signaling that a particular response will be reinforced or punished
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Instrinsically motivated
means 'characterized by the desire to do things because they are interesting, challenging, satisfying, or enjoyable'
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Extrinsic motivation
is the desire to complete a behavior because it will lead to a reward or avoid punishment
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Instinctual drift
is the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviors after being trained to have new behaviors
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classical conditioning
is a phenomenon in which two stimuli are associated, thus creating a reflex response
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
is an orginal unlearned stimulus that elcits a certain reflex action
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unconditioned response
is a relex action elcited by an unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned stimulus
is an event that is repeatedly paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
is a learned reaction triggered by a cinditioned stimulus, even in the absence of an associated unconditioned stimulus
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operent conditioning
is a type of learning in which organisms associate their actions with consequences
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operant behavior (response)
consists of responses that an organism makes to produce an effect on the enviroment
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operant response (action)
is an act that causes a particular effect on the enviroment
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reinforcer/punisher
is a positive or negative consequence caused by an operant response
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delayed reinforcement
is a reward that does not immediately follow an action (only humans)
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Shaping
is a process in which reinforcers are used o guide an organism's actions toward a desired behavior
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Chaining
is a process in which the final step in a sequence is reinforced first, becoming conditioned reinforcer for the preceding response
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Sensory Memory
memory lasting a few seconds
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Working Memory
memory of short term use is stored
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Long-term memory
information that can last a lifetime is stored
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Encoding
sensory information is converted into a form that can be stored
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Storage
process in which encoded info is placed into momory
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Retrieval
previously stored info is moved from long term memory to working memory
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Forgetting
inability to retrieve information that has been previously stored
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Iconic Memory
sensory memory involving visual stimuli
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Chunking
organizing large pieces of information into smaller pieces
groupings, area codes, etc
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Rote rehearsal
process of repeating info either out loud or silently with the intent of learning that info
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explicit memories
memories in which the person is consiously aware
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implicit memories
memories in which the person is NOT consiously aware
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episodic memories
remembers a sequence of eventsrecalling weekend
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MnemonicsĀ
- memory aids that give rhyme and reason to lists or other pieces of info
- h.o.m.e.s
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Deep Processing
words meaning is encodeding a words meaning
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Hippocampus
one part of the brain that forms stores long term memories
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cerebellum
- conditonal and forming procedual memories and habits related to movement
- linked to different types of motor skills then the basal ganglia
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basal ganglia
- habits related to movement
- procedual memories
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retrograde amnesia
loss of past memories
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anterograde amnesia
loss of new long -term memories
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source amnesia
remembers info but forgets the source
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Seven Sins of Memory
- Three sins of forgetting:
- 1-absent mindedness
- 2-transience
- 3-blocking
- Three sins of distortion:
- 1-misattribution
- 2-suggestibility
- 3-bias
- Three sins of distortion:
- misattribution
- suggestibility
- bias
- one sin of intrusion:
- persistence
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