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What is the film made out of?
Silver halide crystals (Br, I) in a gel matrix (or emulsion)
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What kind of safelight is used?
15 watt bulb with a Wratten 6b (or GBX-2) filter
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What is the function of the developer?
The exposed halide crystals are reduced to black metallic silver, converting the "latent image" to a visible image.
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What is the purpose of the Reducer "developer"?
Produces shades of gray and black
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What is the Reducer "developer" made out of?
phenidone/hydroquinone
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What is the purpose of the Accelerator/activator?
swelling of the emulsion, produced alkalinity
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What is the Accelerator/activator made out of?
Na+ carbonate
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What is the purpose of the preservative?
controls oxidation
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What is the Preservative made out of?
Na sulfite or K sulfite
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What is the purpose of the Restrainer?
"protects" unexposed crystals
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What is the Restrainer made out of?
postassium bromide/ iodine
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What is the purpose of the Hardener?
controls swelling of the emulsion
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What is the Hardener made out of?
glutaraldehyde
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How long do you rinse a film?
30-45 seconds
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How long do you leave the "fixer" on a film?
10 minutes
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What is the purpose of the "fixer"?
Stops the developing process. Removes unexposed silver halide crystals and hardens the emulsion.
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What is the purpose of the Acidifier/ activator?
"stop bath", neutralizes the developer
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What is the Acidifier/ activator made out of?
acetic acid
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What is the purpose of the Clearing agent?
"hypo solution", removed undeveloped ag (silver) halide
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What is the Clearing agent made out of?
ammonium/ Na thiosulfate
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What is the purpose of the Hardener (after the fixer has been applied)?
Stiffens and shrinks the emulsion
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What is the Hardener made out of (after the fixer has been applied)?
potassium alum
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What is the purpose of the Preservative (after the fixer has been applied)?
maintains pH of fixer
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What is the Preservative made out of (after the fixer has been applied)?
sodium sulfite
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What is the processing order to "develop" a film?
- Reducer/ "developer"
- Accelerator/ activator
- Preservative
- Restrainer
- Hardener
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What is the processing order to "fix" a film?
- Fixer
- Acidifier/ activator
- Clearing agent
- Hardener
- Preservative
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What happens when a film is Dark?
light leak, developer temp top hot, overexposure
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What happens when a film is Light?
developer temp too low, chemicals need replacing
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What happens when a film is Brown?
inadequate developer
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What happens when a film is Milky?
inadequate fixer
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What happens when a film is Greasy?
insufficient washing
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What happens when a film has Increased fog?
old film, hot developer, contaminated chemicals
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What happens when a film has Soft emulsion?
insufficient fixing
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