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where does gas exchange occur in the lungs
alveoli
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what is visceral pluera
visceral covers the lung itself
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what is parietal pluera
covers the cavity
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define pnemothorax
- when the thoracic wall is punctured, atmoshperic air may enter the pleural cavity and create a real space between the membranes.
- May cause a collapsed lung onthe affected side.
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define atelectasis
a collapsed lung as a result of pneumothorax
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Describe the incidence of lung cancer between men & women
#1 killer in men & women
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what is the 5 year survival rate for small cell (oat cell) ?
1%
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what is the 5 year survival rate of non-small squamous cell?
20%
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what is the 5 year survival rate of non-smal adenocarcinoma?
20%
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What is the 5 year survival rate of large cell?
13%
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what is hemoptysis
coughing up blood
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what is it mean when they say the tumor is central?
closer to the hilium
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what does PCI stand for?
Propolatic Cranial Irradiation
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list the important causative factors for lung cancer?
- smoking
- Exposure to combustion by-products
- asbestos
- pollution
- chemicals
- metals
- ionizing radiation
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State where lung cancer tends to metastasize
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State the Most common symton of lung cancer
Unproductive cough
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List possible symptoms of Lung Cancer
- history of smoking
- persistent, unproductive cough
- hoarseness
- hemoptysis
- weight loss
- dyspnea
- unresolved pneumonitis
- chest wall pain
- apical tumors: weakness in arm, swelling inneck,
- Atelectasis
- Plueral effusion
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describe ways lung cancer can be detected and diagnosed
- physical exam
- chest x-ray
- CT thorax and abdomen
- Pet/CT
- Pulmonary Function Test
- Needle Biopsy
- Sputum Cytology
- Bronchoscopy with biopsy
- Bone & liver scan to rule out metastasis
- CT Brain if small cell
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List the 4 histologic types of cancer
- Small Cell /oat cell
- Non small cell
- squamous
- adenocarcinoma
- large cell
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Describe Small Cell Lung Cancer
very aggessive, most radiosensitive
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What is the frequency of SCLC?
10%
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What is the frequency of squamous cell cancer?
40%
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What is the frequency of adenocarcinoma cancer?
40%
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What is the frequency of Large cell cancer?
10%
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Describe squamous cell cancer
- central lesion
- less likely to metastasize early
- Most common in men
- closely associated with ciggerettes
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describe adenocarcinoma cancer
- peripheral lesion
- metastasize widlly
- most common in females
- less linked ciggerettes
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describe large cell cancer
peripheral lesions that metastasize early
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What the treatments for cancer?
- radiation therapy
- surgery
- chemotherapy
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during treatment when is surgery normally used
- stage 1 & 2
- thoracotomy
- vat (video assisted thoractomy)
- wedge resection
- it is unrectable if it has metastasized, pluerel effusion, svc effusion, tracheal wall,
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during treatment when is radiation used?
- definite cured
- palliative - pallative if obstruction of bronchi, hematypsis, esophageal compression
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during treatment when is it best to used chemotherapy?
cisplatin (most common)
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describe hormers syndrome
- ipsilateral miosis ( contracted pupil)
- ptosis (drooping eyelid)
- enophthalmos ( recedssion of the eyeball into the orbit)
- anhydrosis (loss of facial sweating)
- erosion of the 1st & 2nd rib
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What type of tumor is associated with Horner's syndrome
Apical tumor
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What type of lung cancer is best suitable for chemotherapuetic treatment?
bronchogenic cancers
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Describe the superior vena cava syndrome
- Compression of the superior vena cava
- assocaited with dyspnea; facial, neck, and arm edema; orthopnea (inability to lie flat), and cyanosis ( blue tinge to the lips)
- Maybe hoarseness
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How is SVC treated?
Chemotherapy & Radiation therapy
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