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Freedmen's Bureau
- A temporary government agency created to assist Freedmen to make their transition to freedom.
- under care of the US Army
- Aimed to help freedmen gain lane, education, negotiate labor contracts, provide food, medical care, transportation, settle disputes between whites and black undermanned
- Failed 40 acres and a mule promise
- Overthrew the Radical Reconstruction (1871-1877)
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Sharecropping
- Landowner provides seed, animals, land, tools
- Laborers work for percentage of crop
- Often resulted in perpetual debt --> effects still felt today
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14th Ammendment
- Constitution says states must accept their residents as
- citizens and guarantee that their rights would be protected
- Guaranteed citizenship to every person born in the US
- Threatened to deprive states if the representation if they did not allow all men to vote
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Atlanta Washer Woman's Strike
- -by 1880, 98% of black women worked as household domestics
- 1881, formed Washington Society
- turned former plantation homes into a place of employment
- performed washing, ironing, and other duties at home to avoid white supervision and sexual harassment
- 1885: negotiated wages, hours, and work expectations
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1895 Cotton States Exposition
- given by Booker T. Washington in Atlanta
- Known as the Atlanta Compromise
- Told black people to welcome menial labor as a
- stepping stone to greater opportunities
- Blacks should stay in the south to better economic chances there
- Blacks were more loyal to whites than new immigrants
- Separate as the fingers, yet as one in the hand in all things essential to mutual progress
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Samuel Chapman Armstron
- An American Educator and officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War
- Founder and First Principal of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (est. 1868, now Hampton University)
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Anglo-saxonism
- The belief that English background is the cause of American success
- Better than southern or eastern European immigrants
- Allows for Jim Crow system
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Talented Tenth
- The idea that the advancement of black people was the
- responsibility of the black elite
- The upper 10 percent of black Americans should be leaders in thought and culture
- Supported by WEB Du Bois, started by Northern White Liberals
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Niagara Movement
- Founded in 1905 by WEB DuBois and William Monroe Trotter
- organization of ministers, lawyers, editors, businessmen, teachers
- Meant to forge a path to racial uplift, voting, anti-Washington
- Decided white folks don't know what's best for blacks
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Jack Johnson
- Heavyweight boxer that defeated black and white fighters from 1902-1910
- Challenged stigma of White supremacy
- Caused anger because of his involvement with White women
- Was eventually jailed for bringing a white woman (his wife) across state lines (violated the Mann Act)
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Buffalo Soldiers
- 4 regiments of black soldiers that served the US Army on the Western frontier form the 1870s-1890s:
- the 9th and 10th Cavalry regiments and the 24th and 25th Infantry regiments
- The Plains Indians called them Buffalo Soldiers
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People's Grocery Massacre
- White Grocer led mob against Black grocer because it was competition
- Black grocers fired into the crowd in self-defense
- 30 black people and 3 white people were arrested
- black grocers were lynched from jail, never reached trial
- friends of Ida B. Wells --> incited her anti-lynching crusade
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Universal Negro Improvement Association
- Est. 1914 in Jamaica by Marcus Garvey
- fostered racial pride, African heritage, Christian faith, economic uplift
- had 3 million members = largest black movement
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Birth of a Nation
- 1915 DW Griffith silent film based on Dixon's 1905 novel The Clansman
- Took place during Reconstruction in South Carolina
- Ignorant Negroes, shady mulattoes, greedy white Republicans until the KKK saves the state and defends white womanhood
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Mother's Meetings
- National Association of Colored Women, 1896
- "lifting as we climb": bringing up the race as they prosper
- classes/training for mothers to learn how to raise their children
- refute the idea of immoral and promiscuous black women
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Ma Rainey's Prove It On Me Blues
song of resistance features a woman-loving woman who proclaims her sexual interest in females and challenges the world to "prove it on me
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Tulsa Race Riot
- May 31, 1921: Dick Rowland, black man, accused of rape after an elevator incident
- Whites ravaged nearby "Black Wall Street", Greenwood Village
- 1000blocks worth of homes, churches, schools, & businesses burned to the ground
- 300 black men and 20 white men died in the violence
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Black Male Rape Myth
- Ida B. Wells proclamation 1890s about lynching
- 1. Black men and women have consensual sex, black men are not hypersexualized
- 2. Not more inclined to rape tan anyother kind of man: lynched for economic, political/social activism;
- 3. Not all white women are virtuous
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The Walker System
- Sulfur formulated system that was initially created by Madame CJ Walker to help her disease
- Used to promote healthier longer hair
- Black women's appearnace correlates with her self-esteem and social mobility
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Mutual Aid Societies
- Collected weekly dues from members to provide aid in case of sickness/death
- Jon Merrick, 1898, NC Mutual Life Insurance Co. (among top 500 today)
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