AFAM 102

• A temporary government agency created to assist Freedmen to make their transition to freedom.
• under care of the US Army
• Aimed to help freedmen gain lane, education, negotiate labor contracts, provide food, medical care, transportation, settle disputes between whites and black undermanned
• Failed 40 acres and a mule promise
• Overthrew the Radical Reconstruction (1871-1877)

• Landowner provides seed, animals, land, tools
• Laborers work for percentage of crop
• Often resulted in perpetual debt --> effects still felt today

• Constitution says states must accept their residents as
• citizens and guarantee that their rights would be protected
• Guaranteed citizenship to every person born in the US
• Threatened to deprive states if the representation if they did not allow all men to vote

• -by 1880, 98% of black women worked as household domestics
• 1881, formed Washington Society
• turned former plantation homes into a place of employment
• performed washing, ironing, and other duties at home to avoid white supervision and sexual harassment
• 1885: negotiated wages, hours, and work expectations

• given by Booker T. Washington in Atlanta
• Known as the Atlanta Compromise
• Told black people to welcome menial labor as a
• stepping stone to greater opportunities
• Blacks should stay in the south to better economic chances there
• Blacks were more loyal to whites than new immigrants
• Separate as the fingers, yet as one in the hand in all things essential to mutual progress

• An American Educator and officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War
• Founder and First Principal of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (est. 1868, now Hampton University)

• The belief that English background is the cause of American success
• Better than southern or eastern European immigrants
• Allows for Jim Crow system

• The idea that the advancement of black people was the
• responsibility of the black elite
• The upper 10 percent of black Americans should be leaders in thought and culture
• Supported by WEB Du Bois, started by Northern White Liberals

• Founded in 1905 by WEB DuBois and William Monroe Trotter
• organization of ministers, lawyers, editors, businessmen, teachers
• Meant to forge a path to racial uplift, voting, anti-Washington
• Decided white folks don't know what's best for blacks

• Heavyweight boxer that defeated black and white fighters from 1902-1910
• Challenged stigma of White supremacy
• Caused anger because of his involvement with White women
• Was eventually jailed for bringing a white woman (his wife) across state lines (violated the Mann Act)

• 4 regiments of black soldiers that served the US Army on the Western frontier form the 1870s-1890s:
• the 9th and 10th Cavalry regiments and the 24th and 25th Infantry regiments
• The Plains Indians called them Buffalo Soldiers

• White Grocer led mob against Black grocer because it was competition
• Black grocers fired into the crowd in self-defense
• 30 black people and 3 white people were arrested
• black grocers were lynched from jail, never reached trial
• friends of Ida B. Wells --> incited her anti-lynching crusade

• Est. 1914 in Jamaica by Marcus Garvey
• fostered racial pride, African heritage, Christian faith, economic uplift
• had 3 million members = largest black movement

• 1915 DW Griffith silent film based on Dixon's 1905 novel The Clansman
• Took place during Reconstruction in South Carolina
• Ignorant Negroes, shady mulattoes, greedy white Republicans until the KKK saves the state and defends white womanhood

• National Association of Colored Women, 1896
• "lifting as we climb": bringing up the race as they prosper
• classes/training for mothers to learn how to raise their children
• refute the idea of immoral and promiscuous black women

song of resistance features a woman-loving woman who proclaims her sexual interest in females and challenges the world to "prove it on me

• May 31, 1921: Dick Rowland, black man, accused of rape after an elevator incident
• Whites ravaged nearby "Black Wall Street", Greenwood Village
• 1000blocks worth of homes, churches, schools, & businesses burned to the ground
• 300 black men and 20 white men died in the violence

• Ida B. Wells proclamation 1890s about lynching
• 1. Black men and women have consensual sex, black men are not hypersexualized
• 2. Not more inclined to rape tan anyother kind of man: lynched for economic, political/social activism;
• 3. Not all white women are virtuous

• Sulfur formulated system that was initially created by Madame CJ Walker to help her disease
• Used to promote healthier longer hair
• Black women's appearnace correlates with her self-esteem and social mobility

• Collected weekly dues from members to provide aid in case of sickness/death
• Jon Merrick, 1898, NC Mutual Life Insurance Co. (among top 500 today)