PSYC 320 Lesson 9

• verbal ability
• practical problem solving
• social competence

• recognition of people and objects
• motor coordination
• alertness
• awareness of environment
• verbalization

• verbal ability
• learning ability
• awareness of people and environment
• motor coordination
• curiosity

• verbal ability
• learning ability
• problem solving
• reasoning
• creativity

• reasoning
• verbal ability
• problem solving
• learning ability
• creativity

• Holistic view
• first successful intelligence test was able to identify students who were unable to benefit from regular classroom instruction
• tested memory and reasoning
• associate items of increasing difficulty with age
• known as the "Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale"

• identifies sets of test items that cluster together
• test-takers who do well on one item in a cluster tend to do well on the others

• early factor analyst
• found that all test items he examined correlated with one another
• proposed general intelligence
• noticed test items were not perfectly correlated
• suggested that each item measures specific intelligence

• "g"
• a commun underlying intelligence that influences performance on all types of test items and their correlation with one another
• represents abstract reasoning capacity

a mental ability that is unique to a test item

• American psychologist
• questioned importance of "g"
• suggested that separate, unrelated factors exist called "primary mental abilities"

in addition to "g", intelligence consists of two broad factors: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experince, good judgement, and mastery of social customs

• depends on basic information processing skills
• influenced more by conditions in the brain and less by culture

• reanalyzed relationships among items
• his findings yeilded a three-stratum theory of intelligence (elaborates the models proposed by Spearman, Thurstone and Cattell)

triarchic theory of successful intelligence

• 3 broad, interacting intelligences
• analytical intelligence
• creative intelligence
• practical intelligence

information processing skills

the capacity to solve novel problems

applicatoin of intellectual skills in everyday situations

theory of multiple intelligences

• intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to solve problems, create products, and discover new knowledge in a wide range of culturally valued activities
• eight independent intelligences

• linguistic
• logico-mathematical
• musical
• spatial
• bodily-kinesthetic
• naturalistic
• interpersonal
• intrapersonal

• Fifth Edition
• modern form of Alfred Binet's first successful intelligence test
• for ages 2 to adulthood
• measure general intelligance and five intellectual factors (fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, knowledge, visual-spatial processing, working memory)

• for ages 6 to 16
• measure of general intelligence and variety of factor scores
• before Stanford-Binet
• four broad intelligence factors (verbal reasoning, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed)

• difficult because babies cannot answer questions or follow directions
• present them with stimuli, coax them to respond, observe their behavior
• emphasize perceptual and motor responses
• The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

• poor predictor of mental ability in childhood
• scores often do not reflect tru abilities

• label of infant scores
• infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence assessed in older children

• the older the child at time of first testing, the better the prediction of later IQ
• the closer in time two testings are, the stronger the relationship between the scores

the negative effects of underprivileged rearing conditions increase the longer children remain in them

• students with higher IQ also get better grades and stay in school longer
• by second grade, children with the highest IQ scores are more likely as adults to enter prestigious professions, such as engineering, law, medicine and science

• mental abilities apparent in the real world but not in testing situations
• predicts on the job performance as well as, and sometimes better than IQ

• higher IQ children and adolescents tend to be better liked by their peers
• juvenile delinquents score about 8 points lower on IQ than nondelinquents

• lower SES levels: African American and Hispanic
• higher SES levels: caucasion and Asian American
• heredity is largely responsible for individual, ethnic and SES differences in IQ
• heredity plays a sizable role in the black-white IQ gap

• american black children score on average 12 to 13 IQ points below American white children
• hispanic american children fall midway between black and white children
• asian american score slightly higher than white children

• Arthur Jensen believes ethnic and SES differences are limited to certain kinds of mental abilities
• two types of intelligence: associative and conceptual

emphasizes rote memory and is measured by such items as digit span and recall of basic arithmetic facts

emphasizes abstract reasoning and problem solving and is measured by items strongly correlated with "g", such as vocabulary, verbal comprehension, block design, and spatial visualization

• the greater the genetic similarity between family members, the more they resemble one another in IQ
• strong correlation to less correlation:
• identical twins reared together
• idential twins reared apart
• fraternal twins reared together
• nontwin siblings reared together
• parent, biological child living together
• fraternal twins reared apart
• parent, biological child living apart
• unrelated siblings living together
• nontwin siblings reared apart
• parent and adopted child

problem solving

• an interaction among information processing skills
• prior experience with tasks
• contextual (cultural) factors

• seven distinct primary mental abilities
• verbal meaning
• perceptual speed
• reasoning
• number
• rote memory
• word fluency
• spatial visualization

• both general intelligence and five intellectual factors
• fluid reasoning
• quantitative reasoning
• knowledge
• visual/spatial processing
• working memory

6 month olds

• a mental scale which includes items such as turning to a sound, looking for a fallen object, building a tower of cubes, naming pictures
• a motor scale which assesses fine and gross motor skills

screening to identify potential problem situations that might require special attention

the mean scores of black children adopted into white homes exceeded the national average IQ score 

• they cannot answer questions or follow directions
• they often fail to cooperate with the testing process
• they are likely to become fatigue, distracted or bored

the older the child at the time of first testing, the better the prediction of later IQ

negative effect on intelligence, thus causing it to decline with age

• IQ tends to predict occupational success about as well as it does educational success
• the relationship is far from perfect

the genetic differences in ability

the correlation for identical twins reared apart is much higher than for fraternal twins reared together

heredity cannot account for black children's typically depressed intelligence test scores

focus on the processes involved in learning and development

home observation for measurement of the environment

• the immediate effects are dramatic
• there are some long-term positive effects
• most children experience a washout effect

convergent thinking