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three broad attributes that make up intelligence
- verbal ability
- practical problem solving
- social competence
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intelligence characteristics of 6 month olds
- recognition of people and objects
- motor coordination
- alertness
- awareness of environment
- verbalization
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intelligence characteristics of 2 year olds
- verbal ability
- learning ability
- awareness of people and environment
- motor coordination
- curiosity
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intelligence characteristics of 10 year olds
- verbal ability
- learning ability
- problem solving
- reasoning
- creativity
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intelligence characteristics of adults
- reasoning
- verbal ability
- problem solving
- learning ability
- creativity
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Alfred Binet
- Holistic view
- first successful intelligence test was able to identify students who were unable to benefit from regular classroom instruction
- tested memory and reasoning
- associate items of increasing difficulty with age
- known as the "Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale"
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factor analysis
- identifies sets of test items that cluster together
- test-takers who do well on one item in a cluster tend to do well on the others
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Charles Spearman
- early factor analyst
- found that all test items he examined correlated with one another
- proposed general intelligence
- noticed test items were not perfectly correlated
- suggested that each item measures specific intelligence
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general intelligence
- "g"
- a commun underlying intelligence that influences performance on all types of test items and their correlation with one another
- represents abstract reasoning capacity
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specific intelligence
a mental ability that is unique to a test item
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Louis Thurstone
- American psychologist
- questioned importance of "g"
- suggested that separate, unrelated factors exist called "primary mental abilities"
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Raymond B. Cattell
in addition to "g", intelligence consists of two broad factors: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence
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crystallized intelligence
skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experince, good judgement, and mastery of social customs
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fluid intelligence
- depends on basic information processing skills
- influenced more by conditions in the brain and less by culture
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John Carroll
- reanalyzed relationships among items
- his findings yeilded a three-stratum theory of intelligence (elaborates the models proposed by Spearman, Thurstone and Cattell)
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Sternberg
triarchic theory of successful intelligence
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triarchic theory of successful intelligence
- 3 broad, interacting intelligences
- analytical intelligence
- creative intelligence
- practical intelligence
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analytical intelligence
information processing skills
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creative intelligence
the capacity to solve novel problems
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practical intelligence
applicatoin of intellectual skills in everyday situations
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Howard Gardner
theory of multiple intelligences
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theory of multiple intelligences
- intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to solve problems, create products, and discover new knowledge in a wide range of culturally valued activities
- eight independent intelligences
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eight independent intelligences
- linguistic
- logico-mathematical
- musical
- spatial
- bodily-kinesthetic
- naturalistic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
- Fifth Edition
- modern form of Alfred Binet's first successful intelligence test
- for ages 2 to adulthood
- measure general intelligance and five intellectual factors (fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, knowledge, visual-spatial processing, working memory)
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Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children
- for ages 6 to 16
- measure of general intelligence and variety of factor scores
- before Stanford-Binet
- four broad intelligence factors (verbal reasoning, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed)
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testing infants
- difficult because babies cannot answer questions or follow directions
- present them with stimuli, coax them to respond, observe their behavior
- emphasize perceptual and motor responses
- The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
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infant tests and later development
- poor predictor of mental ability in childhood
- scores often do not reflect tru abilities
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developmental quotient (DQ)
- label of infant scores
- infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence assessed in older children
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correlational stability of IQ scores
- the older the child at time of first testing, the better the prediction of later IQ
- the closer in time two testings are, the stronger the relationship between the scores
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environmental cumulative deficit hypothesis
the negative effects of underprivileged rearing conditions increase the longer children remain in them
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IQ as a predictor of academic achievement
- students with higher IQ also get better grades and stay in school longer
- by second grade, children with the highest IQ scores are more likely as adults to enter prestigious professions, such as engineering, law, medicine and science
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practical intelligence
- mental abilities apparent in the real world but not in testing situations
- predicts on the job performance as well as, and sometimes better than IQ
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IQ and psychological adjustment
- higher IQ children and adolescents tend to be better liked by their peers
- juvenile delinquents score about 8 points lower on IQ than nondelinquents
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ethnic and socioeconomic variations in IQ
- lower SES levels: African American and Hispanic
- higher SES levels: caucasion and Asian American
- heredity is largely responsible for individual, ethnic and SES differences in IQ
- heredity plays a sizable role in the black-white IQ gap
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differences in general intelligence
- american black children score on average 12 to 13 IQ points below American white children
- hispanic american children fall midway between black and white children
- asian american score slightly higher than white children
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differences in specific mental abilities
- Arthur Jensen believes ethnic and SES differences are limited to certain kinds of mental abilities
- two types of intelligence: associative and conceptual
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associative intelligence
emphasizes rote memory and is measured by such items as digit span and recall of basic arithmetic facts
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conceptual intelligence
emphasizes abstract reasoning and problem solving and is measured by items strongly correlated with "g", such as vocabulary, verbal comprehension, block design, and spatial visualization
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heritability of intelligence
- the greater the genetic similarity between family members, the more they resemble one another in IQ
- strong correlation to less correlation:
- identical twins reared together
- idential twins reared apart
- fraternal twins reared together
- nontwin siblings reared together
- parent, biological child living together
- fraternal twins reared apart
- parent, biological child living apart
- unrelated siblings living together
- nontwin siblings reared apart
- parent and adopted child
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most frequent characteristic mentioned as characterizing intelligence in children 10 years and older
problem solving
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what does intelligence consist of? according to Sternberg
- an interaction among information processing skills
- prior experience with tasks
- contextual (cultural) factors
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what does intelligence consist of? according to Thurstone
- seven distinct primary mental abilities
- verbal meaning
- perceptual speed
- reasoning
- number
- rote memory
- word fluency
- spatial visualization
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what does the new Stanford-Binet intelligence test address?
- both general intelligence and five intellectual factors
- fluid reasoning
- quantitative reasoning
- knowledge
- visual/spatial processing
- working memory
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the factor structure of the Wechsler Scales suggest that the test is least appropriate for what age group?
6 month olds
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The Bayley Scales of Infant Development intelligence test address what?
- a mental scale which includes items such as turning to a sound, looking for a fallen object, building a tower of cubes, naming pictures
- a motor scale which assesses fine and gross motor skills
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Infant intelligence tests are most useful for
screening to identify potential problem situations that might require special attention
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What conclusions can be drawn from the Scarr-Weinberg study on transracial adoption?
the mean scores of black children adopted into white homes exceeded the national average IQ score
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why are special intelligence tests required for infants?
- they cannot answer questions or follow directions
- they often fail to cooperate with the testing process
- they are likely to become fatigue, distracted or bored
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What can be said about the stability of IQ scores over time?
the older the child at the time of first testing, the better the prediction of later IQ
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According to the environmental cumulative deficit hypothesis the environmental conditions typically experienced by underprivileged children have a
negative effect on intelligence, thus causing it to decline with age
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what is the relationship between IQ and occupational success?
- IQ tends to predict occupational success about as well as it does educational success
- the relationship is far from perfect
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To what factor did Jensen attribute most of the differences between white and black intelligence?
the genetic differences in ability
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The text states that genetics plays a large role in IQ. one finding that supports this is
the correlation for identical twins reared apart is much higher than for fraternal twins reared together
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Scarr and Weinberg researched the IQs of black children that are raised in white homes. They concluded that
heredity cannot account for black children's typically depressed intelligence test scores
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One way of possibly reducing test bias is to
focus on the processes involved in learning and development
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HOME stands for
home observation for measurement of the environment
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What conclusions can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of early-intervention models?
- the immediate effects are dramatic
- there are some long-term positive effects
- most children experience a washout effect
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traditional intelligence tests primarily test
convergent thinking
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