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What is gestational diabetes mellitius
- high blood sugar first diagnosed during pregnancy
- 4-65 of pregnancies in US complicated by diabetes and 90% of those are gestational diabetes millitis
- insuling requirement during pregnancy higher than non-pregnant state
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What causees gestational diabetes mellitius
- physiological changes during pregnancy can result in insufficeient insulin levels
- (1) placenta inactivates insulin
- (2) pregnancy-induced elevation of stress hormones (cortisol, ephinephrine, glucagon) raises blood glucose
- Pregnancy normally increase insulin, but in some women insulin remains the low as blood glocose rises
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What are risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitius
- Familial type II diabetes
- gestational diabetes during previous pregnancy
- child birth weith >9 pounds during previous pregnancy
- Diagnose of Pre-diabets: imparired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose
- Tobacco use
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Symptoms of gestational diabetes mellitius
- similar to insulin-dependant diabetes
- maternal hypertension, polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid)
- excessive weight gain over last 6 months of pregnancy
- fetus large for its gestation
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Prevention of gestational diabetes mellitius
- Health diet
- manage body weight gain
- exercise
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Untreated gestational diabetes mellitius risks
- sillbirth
- premature delivery
- high or low neonatl birh weigths
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What are normal biological chanes
- Pubic hair thins and gray
- loss of elasticity of external genitalia causing wrinkling and sadding skin
- shrinking of internal reporductive organs
- decreased breast volume
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Uterine prolapse
uterine drops and protrudes into the vagina
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Cystocele
downward displacement of urinary bladder into the vagina
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Menopause
- Cessation of menstruation or the natural transition period occuring between the aged of 45 and 55 where
- ovaries stop producing eggs
- less estrogen and progestrone produced
- menstration becomes less frewuent, eventually stopping altogether
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