Neurogenic speech, language, cognitive disorders

• involve the nervous system
• the type of language disorders depends on the site of the lesion, the extent of the lesion, and the underlying cause

• Cerebrovascular Accident
• disruption of blood supply to the brain cuased by an occluded (blocked) artery or an artery that has hemorrhaged

• Male
• Smoking
• Overweight
• Fatty diet
• Lack of exercise
• Heavy drinking
• Diabetes melitus
• HBP Hyertension
• Age
• Family History
• Lack of medical checkups
• Ethnicity

brain damage because of disruption of brain flow to brain

abnormal acumulation of fluid in tissue

lack of oxygen to the brain

result of a blocked artery  80%  over 3 mins which leads to death of brain tissue and swelling of brain tissue can lead to additional damage

death of brain tissue

• Transient ischemic attack
• Temp closing or occlusion of an artery
• Dizziness
• Weakness
• Numbness
• Probs w/ speech
• Unconsciousnedss
• Lasts a few mins
• May go for a few hours but symptoms disappear w/i 24 hours
• May serve as a warning sign for a stroke
• People overlook because disappears

natural healing

• Traumatic Brain Injury
• can be prevented by protecting brain
•     -wear seat belt
•     -don't text and drive
•     -wear a helmet

• Open Head Injury
• Penetration

• Closed Head Injury
• Primary cuase of damage is a blow to the head or violent acceleration.decceleraton of the skull
• no penetraton of the dural lining

Loss of consciousness

• Post concussion syndrome
• Residual effects of TBI

tear of tissue

skin/surface not torn but see ruptured blood vesels (bruise)

site of the trauma

• site opposite of the trauma
• don't see in strokes and harder to determine where damage is

• Neoplasm means new growth
• May be begnin or malignant

travel or spread via bloodstream to other parts of the body

• ALS, Parkinson's disease, AIDS, 
• due to degenerative changes in subcortical structures. the diseaes are progressive and lead to impaired cognitive, communicative and motor functioning

Activities of daily living

a language disorder resulting from left hem damage - most commonly from a stroke

•     -auditory comprehension, verbal expression, reaing and
•         writing deficits are common
•     -phono, syntax, semantics, pragmatics may all be involved

• Frontal lobe
• Expressive
• Nonfluent, effortful speech
• Oral expression is slow
• Sentences are 3-4 words in length that are mostly nouns and verbs
• Prosody of speech shows little chnage in stress or rate

• Temporal lobe
• Receptive
• Deficits in auditory comprehension and fluent oral expression
• Difficulty comprehending language spoken or written
• Speech has normal intonation and stress
• Speech production includes neologisms (making up new words) and verbal paraphasia (mixing up sounds in words)
• Example of jargon aphasia
• Experiences difficulties with reading and writing

making up new words

mixing up sounds in words

patient cnetered in the environment they are in 

• Attention
• Orientation - person self and others, place, time, purpose
• Visual perception
• Emotional experiences and expressions and understanding the expressions of others (facial, sad mad etc)
• Have difficulty using vocal intonation patterns
• Difficulty staying on topic in a conversation
• Temporal order and musical harmony
• Aspects of communication (prosody, pragmatics)
• Organization of info, abstract reasoning, judgment, prob solving
• Visual spatial

• No two brain injuries are the same
• Patients exhibit a wide range of communication and cog deficits
•     -word finding
•     -forming grammatical sentences
•     -spelling
•     -reading
•     -writing
•     -turn taking 
•     -maintaining the topic in conversations
•     -staying on topic
•     -understanding facial expressions
•     -problem solving, attention, reasoning, judgement
•     -evaluate own actions

prolonged period of unconsciousness

patient's condition prior to illness or injury

• infor about the patient prior to stroke
• overall health
• smoking, drinking etc
• profession, job
• average daily activities
• level of edu
• hobbies, sports etc
• likes and dislikes of food
• identify resources within family, colleagues etc

• Goal is to improve lang. function in all areas of deficit
• indiv
• group
• fam participation

• -sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, leg especially on one side of body
• -sudden confusion or diff speaking or understanding speech
• -sudden diff seeing in one or both eyes
• -sudden diff walking, dizn, loss of balance or coordination
• -sudden severe headache with no known cause

• FACE: ask person to smile, one side will droop
• ARMS: ask person to raise both arms, if one arm drifts downward, may be a sign
• SPEECH: ask person to repeat simple sentence, if slurred or trouble understanding there may be problem
• TIME: IF PERSON HAS ANY SYMPTOMS CALL 911 IMMEDIATELY

• SMILE: look at symetry
• TALK: say simple sentence
• RAISE BOTH ARMS
• STICK OUT YOUR TONGUE: if tongue crooked, call 911

progressive deterioration of brain functions often by loss of brain cells which leads to brain atrophy. involves intellectual, cog, and personality deterioraton that is more severe in normal aging

MILD: does not remember recent events, asks same repeatedly, gest lost in conversations, diff with familiar tasks, places objects or puts i the wrong place, sudden mood changes, dioreinted to time/place/purpose

MODERATE: incr loss of working memory, loss of ability to read/write, forgets to turn off appliances, forgets to take meds, diff w/ typical tasks (checkbook), behaves inappropriately in public, agitated and restless at night, agressive, angry

SEVERE: little or no memeory, little or no emotion, possibly mute, grasps objects or people and will not let go, diff recognizing people (often their own), needs assistance for all ADL, restless and agitated, diff chewing and swallowing leads to weitht loss, dehydration, risk of aspirationn pneumonia

medical term that refers to the normal loss of cog functioning with advanced age