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The smallest unit of matteer cannot be broken into constituent substances with different properties is called an:
Element
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what should you expect to find in the nucleus of an atom?
protons and neutrons
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carbon has an atomic number of 6, what does that mean?
6 protons in the nucleous
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all isotopes of an element
interect with other atoms in the same way.
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atoma A will tend to interact with atom B if:
the outer orbitals of both atoms are unfilled.
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a polar covalent bond is one in which
electrons are shared but drawns more to one atom than another.
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the behavior of the hydrogen bonds in water molecules enables living organims to:
regulate internal temp
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an organic compound is one that?
contains carbon atoms
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large molecules are often broken to provide energy through the process of
hydrolysis
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one of the basic tenets of cell theory is that
cells are the smallest units having the properties of life.
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the cellular membrane is best described as a mosiac of proteins, lipids, and other substances that :
allow some but not all substances to pass in and out of the cell.
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the concentration of a given solution depends on
the amount of solute dissolved in the solvent
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the rate at which a solute diffuses across a selective permeable membrane depends on all of the following except:
the size of the cell.
things that have to do with it: electrical charge,concentration of solute, and omposition and struture of membrane.
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if solution A is hypertonic relative to solution B, you would expect?
the solute to move naturally from solution A to B
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the movement of nutrients through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane against the concentration gradient is accomplished through:
transport or carriers proteins
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bacteria and archaens differ from eukaryotic cells in:
bacteria and archeans are much smaller and more simply constructed.
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the organelle that contains the DNA for cellular reproduction is the
nucleus
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unlike animal cells, plant cells use chloroplasts to?
provide useful energy and organic compounds.
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the first law of thermodynamics states that
energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
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cells use energy to
fuel metabolic activities
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in chemical rections
reactions in whichs reactants have less free energy than products are endergonic.
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explain why enzymes are so effective in speeding up metabolic reactions?
they lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.
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cofactors sush as NAD+ and Fe++ help enzymes catalyze reactions by
trasferring protons or electrons from one place to another.
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in biochemical pathway, reactancts are converted to:
intermidiates, which are then converted to products
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in couple reactions
the energy released from the breakdown of one type of molecule is used to build another type of molecule needed by the cell.
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in the ATP/ADP cycle, energy is released to drive endergonic reactions through
the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule
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alchohol dehydrogenase is important because
it converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, thereby affecting alchol metabolism
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The main pathway by which carbon and energy and energy enter the living world is
photosynthesis
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in the light-dependent pathway of photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight is
converted to ATP energy
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which of the following is a product of the ligh-indenpendent pathway of photosynthesis?
glucose
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why do leaves tend to have a large surface area?
to maximize the number of chloroplasts exposed to sunlight
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first stage pr aerobic cellular respiration?
glycolysis
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anaerobic pathways differ from aerobic in that
anaerobic pathways do not use o2 as the final acceptor of electrons.
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your body is able to use proteins and fats as alternative energy sources by
breaking them down into intermidiate products that can be used in aerobic respiration.
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in what way did photosynthesis have a major impact on the eveolution of life on earth?
the accumulation of O2 as a photosynthetic by-product became the fuel for new aerobic life forms.
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scientits can study the energy-acquiring pathways and energy-releasing pathways best by
varying the light and chemical conditions in which organisms operate and obsrving the results
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true statement for anumal cells in general?
during mitosis, newly duplicated chromosomes consist of two sister DNA molecules called chromatids.
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mitosis is the stage of cell cycle during which
nuclear division occurs
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correct sequence of events in mitosis:
prophase->metaphase->anaphase->telophase
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in animal cells the cytoplasm divides
by pinching in two through a process called cleavage
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cancer cells differ from normal cells in that
cell division among cancer cells continues unchecked.
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major different betw sexual and asexual reproductions
offsprings cells can have different traits than those of the parent cell.
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correct sequences of sexual reproduction of animals:
diploid cell->meiosis->gamete formation->fertilization
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chromosomal crossing over that contributes to genetic variability in the offspring first occurs in meiosis during
prophase I
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daughter cells fromed by meiosis have
half the # of chromosomes as daughter cells formed in mitosis
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one of the methods scientists frequently use to study the process of cell division is
observation of inherited traits resulting from controlled breeding.
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