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Why is it hard to describe an emotion?
- Could focus on sources
- Could focus on physiology
- Could try to describe the experience
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Unique map that allows every emotional experience to be precisely the right "distance" from every other
-Dimension of Arousal
-Dimension of Valence (feeling)
Multidimensional Scaling
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A positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
Emotion
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3 main theories of emotional experience
- A. James-Lange
- B. Cannon-Bard
- C. Two-Factor
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Theory of Emotional Experience
Stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain.
See the bear
Autonomic activity
Experience fear
Different emotions are different experiences of different patterns of bodily activity
James-Lange
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Theory of Emotional Experience
Stimuli simultaneously trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain.
See the bear
Autonomic activity/experience fear
Cannon argued that there weren't enough unique patterns of autonomic activity to account for all the unique emotional experiences
Cannon-Bard
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Theory of Emotional Experience
Schacter-Singer (1962)
See the bear
Autonomic Activity
Experience fear based on interpretation given what's in the environment
People can have the same bodily response to all emotional stimuli, but they interpret that response differently on different occasions
Two-factor theory of emotion
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- Monkeys whose temporal lobes had been removed would:
- - Eat just about anything
- - Have sex with just about anyone (or anything)
- Monkeys had an extraordinary lack of fear
- - Calm when being handled
- - Calm when exposed to snakes
Animals with Kluver-Bucy syndrome become hypersexual and will attempt to mate with members of different species and even inanimate objects
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The key role in production of emotion
Amygdala
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Fast pathway appraisal
thalamus-->amygdala
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slow pathway appraisal
thalamus-->cortex-->amygdala
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- No effect on recognition, sadness, and surprise
- Trouble recognizing anger, disgust, and fear
Bilateral Amygdala Damage
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Explain why the cortex is used in the slow pathway appraisal and what it does
The cortex is slowly using information to conduct a full-scale investigation of the stimulus.
- - This is a stick that really looks like a snake
- - But it's not movving--probably a stick
- - No need to remain in preparation for flight it it's just a stick--although some snakes can remain immobile as a camouflage, defense kind of thing...
- - When cortex is finally finished analyzing, it tells the amygdala that all is good
- - Slow pathway TAKES TIME
- - This might be a problem...
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What happens in fast pathway appraisal?
- - Amygdala has received information from the thalamus
- - Needs to make on simple decision: "is this bad for me?"
- - If yes, amygdala intiates neural process that activate sympathetic nervous system in preparation for flight or fight
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Amygdala and emotion recognition
- Continuum from happiness to surprise to fear to sadness to disgust to anger to happiness
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Use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience
- Typically to turn negative into positive
- May sometimes need to "cheer down"
Emotion regulation
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Strategy that involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus.
- OFC (orbital frontal cortex) may be important in this
- Thinking can change feeling
- When this happens, your cortex becomes active and then amygdala deactivated
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Subsets of Emotional Communication
- - Emotional Expression
- - Affective forecasting
- - Communicative Expression
- - Facial Feedback
- - Deceptive Expression
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- Emotional states influence the way we talk (intonation, inflection, loudness, and duration)
- Listeners can infer a speaker's emotional state with better-than-chance accuracy
- Can also infer emotional states from how someone walks and facial expressions
Emotional Expression
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Not too good at predicting out emotional reactions to future events
Affective forecasting
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Emotional expressions have same meaning for everyone
- Cross-cultural research supports this
- Congenitally blind persons make same expressions as others
Universality Hypothesis (in regards to communicative expression)
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Research shows people who hold a pen in their teeth feel happier than those who hold a pen in their lips. Holding a pen in the teeth contrcts the zygomatic major muscles of the face in the same way a smile does.
Facial Feedback
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Our attempts to obey our culture's display rules are sometimes betrayed by imcomplete control of facial muscles
Deceptive Expression
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Four sets of features that allow careful observer to tell whether our emotional expression is sincere:
- - Morphology
- - Symmetry
- - Duration
- - Temporal Patterning
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Certain facial muscles tend to resist conscious control (reliable muscles)
Morphology
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Sincere expressions are a bit more symmetrical than insincere
Symmetry
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- Sincere expressions tend to last between a half second and 5 seconds
- Any less: Probably insincere
Duration
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- Sincere expressions appear and disappear smothly over a few seconds
- Insincere expressions tend to have more abrupt onsets and offsets
Temporal patterning
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Are humans generally good at detecting when others are lying?
Not generally
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- Measures physiological changes associated with stress
- High false positive rate
Polygraph
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Some brain areas are more active when people lie than when they tell the truth
Blood flow in the brain
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The purpose or cause of an action
Motivation
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We use mood to make judgements
Function of Emotion
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People are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
Hedonic principle
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- Patients believe one or more family members are imposters
- Damage to temporal lobe connections and limbic system
- Faces are familiar but disconnected from familial "warmth"
Capgras Syndrome
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The faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends, without foresight of the ends, and without previous education in the performance.
Instinct
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The tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
Homeostasis
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An internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality
Drive
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Drive Theory
People (and animals) engage in behaviors that satisfy biological needs
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Who came up with the Drive Theory?
Clark Hull
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Drives that all mammals experience:
- - Sex drives
- - Hunger drives
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Arguments against Hull's drive theory:
- - Why do people stay up all night studying for an exam?
- - Why do people have dessert after Thanksgiving dinner (they're full)?
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Maslow's Hierarchy of needs from greatest need to least need:
- - Physiological Needs
- - Safety and Security Needs
- - Belongingness and love needs
- - Esteem Needs
- - Need for self-actualization
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When people are hungry or thirsty or exhausted, they will not seek intellectual fulfillment or moral clarity, which are the luxury of the well-fed.
Balance of needs
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What happens when the body needs energy?
- It sends orexigenic signal (tells brain to swith hunger on)
- - ohrelin: chemical produced in stomach
- - Blood concentrations of ohrelin increase before eating and decrease as eating proceeds
- - People injected with ohrelin eat 30% more in response to "intense hunger"
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What happens when the body has sufficient energy?
- It sends anorexignenic signal (tells braing to swith hunger off)
- - leptin: chemical secreted by fat cells
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What is the primary reciever of hunger signals?
Hypothalamus
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What receives orexigenic signals?
Lateral hypothalamus
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What receives anorexigenic signals?
Ventromedial hypothalamus
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Eating Problems
- - Anorexia Nervosa
- - Bulimia Nervosa
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An eating disorder characterized by an excessive fear of becoming fat and thus a refusal to eat.
Anorexia nervosa
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Characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging
Bulimia nervosa
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- America's most pernicious eating problem
- Body mass index of 30 or greater
- 3 million Americans die each year
- Lower self-esteem; lower quality of life; higher mortality; prejudice and intolerance
Obesity
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What is the simple wiring scheme of sexual interest?
- - Glands secrete hormones
- - Hormones trvel to brain
- - Stimulates sexual desire
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What hormone seems to be involved in initial onset of sexual desire?
DHEA
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Are human females limited by cycle?
No, they have ongoing sexual interest.
- Might have evolutionary function
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What is probably the hormonal basis for women's sex drive?
Testosterone--giving it increases sex drive
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Take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward
Extrinsic Motivation
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Take actions that are themselves rewarding
Instrinsic motivation
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Aware of what is motivating
Conscious motivation
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Unaware of what is motivating
Unconscious motivation
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- Need to solve worthwhile problems
- People vary in this need
Need for Achievement
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