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Who invented the microscope & when?
Zaccharias & Janssen in the 1590s
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In the 1600's ___ ___ coined the term cells & 1st studied ___ ___ under a microscope.
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek is called the ____ ____ & coined the term ___ in the late ___.
- Father of Microbiology
- Animalcules
- 1600s
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Who started cell theory & when?
Mathias Schleiden & Theodore Schwan in 1838
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What are the 3 postulates of Schleiden & Schwan's Cell Theory?
- 1. Cells are basic structure & physiological units of life
- 2. Cells are distinct entities AND bldg blocks for more complex organisms
- 3. Cell origin unk but thought to arise fr nonliving materials (aka spontaneous generation)
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What was Pasteur & Redi's contribution to Schleiden & Schwan's theory?
In 1859 proved that life must be present to generate new life
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Cell biology is the study of what & includes what 3 areas?
- Studying all life
- Cell Structure, division, communications
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What is classification of prokaryotic or eukaryotic based on?
The location within the cell where most genetic material is stored
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What are 4 characteristics of ALL cells?
- Surrounding membrane
- Contents in thick fluid (cytoplasm)
- Organelles (structures for cell function)
- Ctrl center w/DNA
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Prokaryotes have no ___ & ___ ___ ___.
- Nucleus
- Membrane-bound Organelles
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Eukaryotic cells have both a ___ & ___ ___ ___.
- Nucleus
- Membrane-bound organelles
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What is the general shape of grps of prokaryotic cells w/an example?
- Grape like structures - Staph
- Strip like structures - Strep
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What are the 3 basic structures within a prokaryotic cell?
- Plasma membrane
- Nucleoid
- Cytoplasm
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What is the function of he plasma membrane?
- Provides cell "skin"
- Regulates flow in & out of cell
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What is located in the nucleoid?
DNA
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What are the 2 structures in the cytoplasm?
- Cytosol - Fluid, dissolved ions & certain molecules
- Ribosomes - Site of protein synthesis & only true organelle
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What is capsule?
Slimy, polysaccharide layer that aids in attachment & prevents cell fr drying out
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Flagella are . . . .
Structures responsible for cell locomotion
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What do pili do?
Help cell with attachment
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What are 4 basic characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?
- Four Kingdoms
- Membrane bound nucleus w/genetic info
- Up to 10x larger than prokaryotic cells
- Membrane bound organelles
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An organelle subunit is. . . .
Compartment w/own distinct shape & function
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What are 2 functions of membranes surrounding organelles?
- Keep out inappropriate molecules that might disturb function
- Act as traffic regulators for raw materials in & out
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What are 4 characteristics of the nucleus?
- Largest organelle
- Site of DNA duplication
- Site of genetic ctrl of cell activities
- Contains Nucleolus
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What does the nucleolus do?
Non membrane bound region where ribosomes are initially assembled (HR dept)
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What cells is the nucleoid located in?
- Prokaryotic w/NO membrane
- NucleoiD is DEVOID
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Where is a nucleus found & what is within it?
- Membrane bound in Eukaryotic cells
- Nonmembrane bound NUCLEOLUS where ribosomes are made
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What are 2 basic characteristics of nucleus structure?
- Surrounded by phospholipid bilayer forming nuclear envelope
- Nuclear pores that connect interior of nucleus w/cytoplasm
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Explain the nuclear pore complex.
- 8 very lg protein granules arranged in an octagon around each pore
- Ctrl mvmt of molecules in & out
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What do ribosomes do?
- They're the main processing plant for cell
- Site of protein synthesis
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What cells are ribosomes found in?
Prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
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What comprises the structure of ribosomes?
- Ribosomal rRNA
- >50 other proteins
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What structures comprise the endomembrane system?
ER, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, vacuoles/vesicles, nuclear envelope & plasma membrane
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What does the endomembrane sys accomplish?
Manufacture, process & transport of lipids & proteins
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Describe 5 characteristics of the ER.
- Puts finishing touches on proteins being shipped out of cell
- Located in cytoplasm
- Linked to nuclear membrane
- Contains most of membrane of cell
- 2 types - rough & smooth
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What is the difference between rough & smooth ER.
Rough has ribosomes & processes proteins for transport where as smooth makes lipids
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Ribosomes are found in what structures in Eukaryotic cells?
RER, Mitochondria & chloroplasts
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What "finishing touches" does RER put on proteins?
- Folding
- Forms disulfide bridges
- Glycosylation - Attach carb grps
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What is glycosylation?
Attachment of carb grps to proteins in the RER
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What do ribosomes do in the RER?
Synthesis proteins directly into the lumen of the RER
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Define the RER & give 1 example of cells it is located in.
- Specialized cells that synthesize proteins for extracellular export
- β cells in endocrine pancreas
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What are 3 responsibilities of the SER?
- Chem mod of other molecules
- Site of lipid & steroid hormone synthesis
- Storage of Ca Ions
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What 3 things does the SER do in liver cells?
- Synthesis & hydrolysis of glycogen
- Detox of drugs & pesticides
- Production of cholesterol
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What are the functions of Golgi Apparatus(2).
- Receives & modifies proteins fr RER
- Concentrates, sorts & packages (vesicles) proteins for export
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The structure of the Golgi Apparatus is called ____ & it consists of?
- Cisternae
- Flattened membrane sacs w/membrane bound vesicles
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What are 3 compartments of the Golgi Apparatus?
- Cis region - Closest to nucleus & ER
- Medial region - Middle
- trans region - Closest to plasma membrane & outside of cell
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What is an important thing to remember about the compartments of the Golgi Apparatus?
Each compartment has different functions & different associated enzymes
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Describe mvmt of protein thru endomembrane sys.
- Vesicles fr ER fuse to cis region
- Fr cis region vesicles move to medial region
- Then to trans compartment
- Some vesicles then fuse w/plasma membrane & are released to outside cell
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Describe a vesicle.
- Transport containers for material into/out of a cell
- Made up of at least 1 layer of phospholipid-bilayer
- Classified as organelle
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Give 2 ways vesicles are formed.
- 1. Part of membrane of ER or golgi apparatus pinches off
- 2. Obj outside cell surrounded by cell membrane
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What are lysosomes?
Body's waste disposal sys created by the golgi & containing digestive enzymes
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Phagocytosis is what?
Cellular process of cell membrane engulfing macromolecules & foreign material creating phagosomes
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What is a phagosome?
Vesicle in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed & digested
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What structure creates primary lysosomes & what do they contain?
- Golgi Apparatus
- Digestive enzymes
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What makes up a secondary lysosome?
Primary lysosome + a phagosome
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What do secondary lysosomes do?
Hydrolyze or break down macromolecules into monomers which then diffuse into cytoplasm. "Used" secondary lysosome then fuses w/plasma membrane & releases undigested contents
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What is Autophagy?
Digestion of spent cellular components
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What are the function of peroxisomes?
Break down of toxic hydrogen peroxides (byproducts of cellular reactions) utilizing catalases (specializes enzymes)
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Where is most of O₂ taken in by eukaryotic organism used?
Mitochondria
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What are some characteristics of mitochondria?
- Perform Cellular respiration
- Conversion of fuel into energy
- Aerobic functions
- Can replicate independently of the cell
- Supports endosymbiotic theory
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Describe structure of mitochondria.
- Outer phospholipid bilayer
- Inner membrane highly folded w/cristae & matrix creating greater surface area
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Describe cristae part of the mitochondria.
Contains protein complexes necessary for production of ATP via cellular resp
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Describe the matrix in mitochondria.
Contains enzymes, ribosomes & DNA needed to make protein complexes needed for cellular resp
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What parent does mitochondrial DNA come fr?
Mother
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What are chloroplasts?
- Contain chlorophyll & provide site for photosynthesis
- Found in plant cells & some protozoans but NOT IN ANIMAL CELLS
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Chloroplasts have both an ____ & ____ ____.
Inner & outer membrane
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What are the 2 parts of the inner membrane of a chloroplast?
- Stacks of Grana made up of thylakoids
- Stroma
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What does grana do & where is it located?
- Traps solar energy
- Located in chloroplasts of plant cells
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Thylakoids are what?
- Individual compartments of grana in chloroplasts
- Location where ATP production occurs, much like cristae
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Describe stroma.
- Fluid filled inner membrane of a chloroplast
- Similar to mitochondrial matrix
- Contains sm amts of DNA & some ribosomes
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What are the functions of vacuoles?
- Storage - Waste & toxic by-products
- Structure - Maintenance of support & rigidity
- Reproduction - Anthocyanins
- Digestion - Enzymes to hydrolyze proteins
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What are anthocyanins?
- Pigments that provide visual cues for pollinators
- Antioxidants
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What role do vacuoles play in digestion?
- Provide enzymes used to hydrolyze proteins
- Similar to lysosomes in animal cells
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Where are food vacuoles found & what are they similar to?
- Single celled protists
- Similar to phagosomes
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Where are contractile vacuoles found & what do they do?
- Freshwater protists
- Elimination of excess H₂O to restore Na balance in cytoplasm
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What is the basic structure of the cytoskeleton?
Set of long, thin fibers found in cytoplasm
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What are 5 functions of cytoskeleton?
- Support & maintenance of shape
- Provides for cell mvmt
- Positions organelles within cell
- Anchors cell in place
- Provides tracks for "motor proteins"
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What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton?
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules
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Explain the structure of Microfilaments?
- Single filaments, in bundles, or in networks
- Smallest of cytoskeleton components - 7nm in diameter
- Made of actin - Interacts w/another to form double helical microfilament
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What are the 4 functions of microfilaments?
- Cell contraction
- Add structure to plasma membrane & Shape to cells
- Cytoplasmic streaming
- Pseudo-podia (fake feet)
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Explain cytoplasmic streaming.
Flowing mvmt of cell fluids bearing specific organelles & proteins
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Microfilaments have microvilli which are what?
- Fine plasma membrane covered projections that increase surface area of some cells
- Made up of protein cross-linked actin bundles
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Where are intermediate filaments found?
Only in multicellular organisms
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Explain intermediate filaments.
- Rope like assemblages
- 8 - 12nm in diameter
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What are 3 main functions of Intermediate Filaments?
- Stabilize cell structure
- Resist tension
- Maintain positions of nucleus & other organelles
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What are 2 main functions of microtubules?
- Provide rigid intracellular skeleton
- Tracks motor proteins can move along within the cell
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Explain the structure of microtubules.
- Hollow cylinders - 25nm thick
- Tubulin subunits made up of α-tubulin & β-tubulin dimers
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What do tubulin subunits do in microtubules?
α-tubulin & β-tubulin dimers can be added or subtracted at either end of microtubule to lengthen or shorten it
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What differentiates flagella from cillia?
Flagella are longer than cilia & usually only 1 or 2 per cell whereas cilia are present in great numbers & in epithelial tissue
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Explain the 9+2 array of cilia & flagella.
- 9 fused prs of microtubules arranged to form outer cylinder
- 2 unfused are located in ctr of cylinder
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Cilia & flagella are what?
Plasma membrane covered cell projections
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Where are centrioles found?
In an organizing ctr near cell nucleus
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What are centrioles made of?
9 sets of 3 fused microtubules
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What function do centrioles provide?
- Help mvmt of chromosomes during cell division
- Involved in formation of mitotic spindle
- Crucial for proper cell division
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Explain features of the basal body.
- Organizing area at base of structures
- No central microtubule
- Each of 9prs has additional microtubule fused with it making triples rather than doubles
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Where are extracellular structures located & what are they made of?
- Outside cell membrane
- Made of fibrous molecule & gel-like medium
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What is structure of extracellular matrix?
Fibrous proteins such as collagen & gel like matrix of glycoproteins called proteoglycans
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What are 4 functions of extracellular matrix?
- Supports tissue functions in animals
- Holds cells together in tissues
- Provides physical props to cartilage, skin, bone
- Helps filter materials passing fr other tissues
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The extracellular structure of plant cells is made up of what?
Cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides & proteins
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What carries instructions, for making proteins, fr nucleus into cytoplasm?
mRNA
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What name is given to strands containing DNA + an associated protein?
Chromatin
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What are membrane lined channels that connect cytoplasmic fluid of 1 plant cell to another called?
Plasmadesmata
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What is a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents leakage of material between cells?
Tight Junction
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What type or intercellular junction in animal cells functions as an anchor?
Desmosome
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What type of intercellular junction in animal cells allows passage of material or current between cells?
Gap Junction
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