Bloodwork

Malignancies and parahyperthyroidisms account for about 90%. Vit D metabolic disorders, RF, and any dx that causes high bone-turnover rates are also causes.

Calcium

Petechia, perioral tingling, tetany, tendon reflex hyperactivity, laryngospasms and cardiac arrythmias

• 1. Antigen-presenting cells
• 2. T cells
• 3. NK cells
• 4. NKT cells
• 5. B lymphocytes
• 6. Antibodies
• 7. Cytokines

• 1. Helper T Cells
• 2.Cytotoxic (Tc Cells)
• 3. T regulatory cells/supressor cells (Treg cells/ Ts cells)
• 4. Memory T cells (Tm cells)

Cells that coordinate the immune response and cell-mediated immunity. These are required to maintain cytotoxic T cell responses.

Cells that kill foreign cells, virally infected cells, or cells with new surface antigens.

Cells that interfere with development of immune reaction when recognizing antigen: primary role is to modulate the severity of inflammation produced by infection but also play an important role to prevent autoimmunity and may be involved in malignancy.