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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
Any contagious respiratory disease that is manifested by coughing and is not caused by canine distemper.
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
Etiology
- Canine adenovirus (CAV-2) and Parainfluenza virus (PIV)
- weakens the airway
- Bordetella bronchiseptica- Bacteria
- takes advantage after weakened by virus
- Klebsiella, E. coli, Pasteurella cause secondary pneumonia
- Incubation period is 5-10 days
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
Clinical Signs
- Coughing
- Ocular and nasal discharge
- Retching or gagging
- Vomiting white foam
- Anorexia and fever
- Pneumonia
- Many times are still active and eating
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
Diagnosis
- Based on clinical exam and history of exposure
- cough on tracheal palpation
- Blood profile
- Radiographs
- normal
- collapsing trachea-from all the coughing
- pneumonia
- Interstitial to alveolar pattern
- Tracheal wash
- Canine Respiratory Panel (PCR) test for RNA/DNA
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
Treatment
- Antibiotics for 14-21 days
- clavamox
- cephalexin
- baytril
- Antitussives
- Hycodan or Tussigon- cough suppresents
- 0.22mg/kg Po Bid
- Butorphanol
- 0.05-0.1mg/kg PO BID
- Fluid support and nutrition if severe
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
Prevention
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Infectious Disease
Canine Distemper- viral, neurological, respiratory
Etiology
- CDV is caused by a Morbillivirus (related to measles)
- That is highly contagious to dogs and all canine species
- Ferrets, coyotes, etc.
- CDV is inactivated by heat and sunlight
- Transmission
- shed in all body secreations, especially respiration
- aerosol
- Effects young puppies 3-6 months of age
- New puppies can be introduced into environment infected with CDV after 1 month period
- Incubation is 1-3 weeks
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Infectious Disease
Canine Distemper
Clinical Signs
- Fever
- Conjunctivitis and rhinitis
- mucopurulent nasal discharge
- Coughing, vomiting and diarrhea
- Anorexia and emaciation
- Neurological signs (1-3) weeks
- seizures
- ataxia
- rhythmic motor movement (Myoclonus) video
- chorioretinitis
- hyperkeratosis (thickening) of foot pads
- hypoplasia (tooth enamel deficit)
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Infectious Disease
Canine Distemper
Diagnosis
- History
- unvaccinated puppies
- Clinical signs
- Blood profile
- lymphopenia
- Radiographs
- pneumonia
- Immunological tests
- Fluorescent antibody test
- tissue or conjunctival scrape
- Serology
- tests for antibody IgG and IgM
- IgM indicates acute infection
- False negatives
- Canine Distemper PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test is most accurate. Pharyngeal (pharynx)or conjuctival (eye) swipe
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Infectious Disease
Canine Distemper
Treatment
- Supportive Care
- Antibiotics
- Fluid Therapy
- Anticonvulsants
- Long Term prognosis poor
- Dogs that get over or live through canine distemper may have myoclonal twitching for life
- Phenobarbitol-barbituate anti-convulsing
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Infectious Disease
Canine Distemper
Prevention
Vaccination-MLV Modified Live Virus
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Hepatitis- Midwest and East Coast
Etiology
- ICH is a multisystemic adenovirus (CAV-1) that infects the liver of dogs and foxes.
- CAV-1 is highly contagious from urine, feces, and saliva
- Similar to CAV-2 (Tracheobronchitis)
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Hepatitis- Midwest and East Coast
Clinical Signs
- Fever
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Petechiations (clotting issues)
- Icterus
- Lymphadenopathy
- 'blue eye' anterior uveitis
- can occur after vaccine
- Blue eye is a side effect of CAV-1
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Hepatitis- Midwest and East Coast
Diagnosis
- Blood Profile
- high liver enzymes
- icterus and leukopenia
- Serology
- rarely performed
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Hepatitis- Midwest and East Coast
Treatment
- Supportive care
- Antibiotics
- Poor prognosis if acute and guarded if chronic
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Canine Hepatitis- Midwest and East Coast
Prevention
- Vaccination
- CAV-1 and CAV-2
- Feeding tube with any kind of liver damage
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Infectious Disease
Canine Parvovirus- survives in environment for 3-4 months
Etiology
- Virus of Parvoviridae
- Disease caused by canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2)
- That causes severe gastroenteritis
- CPV-1 causes clinical disease in puppies, 3 weeks of age
- Transmission
- feces, saliva, vomit, and environment (Fomite)
- parvovirus lives in the environment for long periods (60-90 days)
- Effects young puppies 6-20 weeks old
- Suseptible breeds include rotweillers, dobermans, pit bull
- CPV-1 is more mild thand CPV-2
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Infectious Disease
Canine Parvovirus
Clinical signs
- Anorexia and fevrile
- Bloody vomiting and bloody diarrhea
- Dehydration and shock
- May cause myocarditis (infection of the heart muscle) and death in puppies
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Infectious Disease
Canine Parvovirus
Diagnosis
- History
- unvaccinated young dogs- multiple puppies in household
- Blood Profile
- leukopenia
- Fecal ELISA test
- most common used
- false negatives
- Serology
- 4 times increase of IgG or IgM to note information
- SNAP test
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Infectious Diseases
Canine Parvovirus
Treatment
- Anitibiotics
- Antiemetics
- Fluid support
- Plasma Trasnfusions- for wors cases
- Critical patients
- Endoserum- Salonella typhimurium toxoid
- Endotoxin
- Prognosis- good, as long as u get them hospitalized
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Infectious Diseases
Canine Parvovirus
Prevention
- Vaccination
- killed CPV-2
- short immunity
- MLV
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Infectious Diseases
Canine Coronavirus
Etiology
- Coronavirus that causes gastroenteritis
- Shed in feces
- fecal oral transmission
- Effects all ages
- Similar clinical signs to parvovirus
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Infectious Diseases
Canine Coronavirus
Clinical signs
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Fever
- Dehydration
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Infectious Diseases
Canine Coronavirus
Diagnosis
- Physical exam and history
- No specific test
- diagnose by rule out other diseases
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Infectious Diseases
Canine Coronavirus
Treatment
Similar to parvovirus
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Infectious Diseases
Canine Coronavirus
Prevention
- Vaccination
- killed
- MLV
- Prognosis is better than Parvovirus
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Infectious Diseases
Heartworm disease- infects blood
Etiology
- Dirofilaria immitis
- Parasite
- Transmitted by mosquito bits
- Microfilaria
- Larval form that may circulate for up to 2 years
- Larval form must first deveopl in mosquito
- Adult heartworm causes clinical disease
- migration to arteries takes 5-6 months
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Infectious Diseases
Heartworm Disease
Clinical Signs
- Cardiopulmonary disease
- Right sided heart failure
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Caughing
- Respiratory distress
- Lethargy and fatigue
- Syncope
- Weight loss and anorexia
- Ascited- right sided heart failure
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Infectious Diseases
Heartworm Disease
Diagnosis
- Clinical signs and exposure history
- Knott's test
- direct blood smear for mircofilaria
- Serology (Heartworm Antigen)
- ELISA
- IFA
- Radiographs
- Right sided heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Ascites
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Infectious Diseases
Heartworm Disease
Treatment
- *Thiacetarsamide (caparsolate)
- risks acute death from thromboemboli
- Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic
- Melarsomine (Immiticide)
- Risks thromboemboli
- Less hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic
- Safer and less treatment
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Infectious Diseases
Heartworm Disease
Prevention
- Heartworm preventative
- Ivermectin (heartguard)
- Monthly dose
- Milbemycin (Interceptor)
- Monthly dose
- Diethylcarbamazine (Filarabits)
- Daily
- No Vaccine
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Infectious Diseases
Lyme Disease
Etiology
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- Spirochete bacteria
- Transmitted by ticks
- Long incubation period 2-5 months after exposure
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Infectious Diseases
Lyme Disease
Clinical Signs
- Fever and lethargy
- Anorexia
- Lameness and joint pain
- Lymphadenopathy
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Infectious Diseases
Lyme Disease
Diagnosis
- History to exposure and clinical signs
- Serology
- ELISA
- IFA
- PCR- testing for DNA
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Infectious Diseases
Lyme Disease
Treatment
- Tetracycline antibiotics
- Prevention
- Vaccination- killed
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Panleukopenia
Etiology
- Feline panleukopenia s called feline distemper
- Characterized by gastroenteritis and leukopenia
- FPV is a parvovirus
- Cause disease in cats, ferrets and raccoons
- Transmission
- Saliva, secretions, and feces
- Highest incidence is in kittens 3-5 months age
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Panleukopenia
Clinical Signs
- Fever and anorexia
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Lymphadenopathy
- Leukopenia
- Kittens infected in utero have cerebellar hypoplasia
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Panleukopenia
Diagnosis
- Young age 3-5 months w GI signs
- Clinical signs
- Hematology
- Leukopenia
- Serology
- not used in clincal practice
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Panleukopenia
Treatment
- Fluid therapy
- Antibiotics
- Antiemetics
- Prognosis- guarded 50/50
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Panleukopenia
Prevention
Vaccination
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Coronavirus (FIP)
Etiology
- 1. Feline coronavirus infection is a highly contagious and fatal disease of cats with two forms : Effusive and Nonerosive
- 2. Feline Enteric coronavirus cross reacts in lab test with FIP virus (FECV)
- 3. Transmission
- mother to kitten in utero
- urine or fecal oral
- inhalation and ingestion
- may have long latent period- goes dorment
- do not bring new cat into household for >60 days
- 4. 2 forms of the disease
- a. Effusive (wet) form is characterized by yellow Peritoneal and /or abdomenal pleural effusion (vasculitis)
- b. Noneffussive (dry) is characterized by localized Pyogranulamatous lesions with no peritoneal or pleural effusion
- 5. Causes vasculitis and immune complexes
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Terminology
Retina
choroid
Chorioretinitis
Uveitis
hyphema
- Retina- light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye
- Choroid- choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera
- Chorioretinitis- inflammation of the choroid and retina
- Uveitis- swelling and irritation of the uvea
- hyphema- blood in front of the eye
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Coronavirus (FIP)
Clinical Signs
- General signs
- May be sudden or over monthhs
- Anorexia, weight loss, dehydration
- Febrile
- vomiting, and diarrhea
- Effusive form
- yellow sticky ascited
- Tachypnea or dyspnea
- Noneffusive form
- Form and weight loss
- Signs specific of organ disease
- Kidney, lymph nodes and liver
- CNS- Seizures
- Ocular lesions
- chorioretinitis (inflammation of the choroid and retina)
- Uveitis and hyphema
- retinal hemorrhage
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Coronavirus (FIP)
Diagnosis
- 1. History
- cats with history FIP
- Nonvascular cats
- 2. Characteristics clinical signs
- Ascites
- 3. Blood profile
- T.P >7.8g/dl
- High globulins - Antibiotics
- 4. Serological testing 50% accurate
- Not accurate
- Negative test does not rule out FIP
- Titer >1:1600 clinical signs determines FIP
- 5. Fluid analysis- abdominal fluid
- High cellularity and WBC
- 6. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Detects low levels of viral RNA in tissue and body fluids
- Basis is that FIP is found in tissue, while FECV is found only in feces
- 7. Necropsy tissue
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Coronavirus (FIP)
Treatment
- Theres is no curative therapy
- Treatment is supportive
- Fluids
- Antibiotics and corticoseroids
- Chemotherapy
- Cytoxan
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Coronavirus (FIP)
Prognosis
- Poor
- survival is 5-7 weeks once the onset of clinical signs
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Coronavirus (FIP)
Prevention
- Vaccination (intranasal)
- Does not prevent infection, only reduces clinical symptoms
- 50% successful at best
- Vaccinated cats will have 1:100 FIP titer
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Leukemia Virus (FELV)
Etiology
- FELV is a retrovirus that replicates in bone marrow, salivary glands and respiratory epithelium
- Can be latent infection
- Transmission
- Transmitted directly by ingestion in saliva
- Transplacental
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Leukemia Virus (FELV)
Clinical Signs
- Immunosuppression
- Anemia
- Anorexia
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Neoplasia
- Blood profile
- Anemia
- Glomerulonephritis
- Radiographs
- Neoplasia
- Serology
- ELISA_ Antigen- testing for virus
- Most sensitive
- False negative
- IN house CITE test
- Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA)
- Definitive test
- Seroconversion after 3 negative test 30 days apart
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Leukemia Virus (FELV)
Treatment
- Symptomatic- no cure
- Blood transfussion
- Prognosis poor
- Live <2 years after clinical signs
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Leukemia Virus (FELV)
Prevention
- Vaccination (killed vaccine)
- 75% effective
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Etiology
- Lentivirus (retrovirus) that causes similar disease as AIDS
- complex in People
- Transmission
- Through bite wounds
- Saliva
- Not known to be by contact
- Rare transplacental infection
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Infectious Diseases
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Clinical Signs
- Fever
- Lymphadenopathy
- Chronic stomatitis and gingivitis- bacteria
- Chronic conjunctivitis and rhinitis
- URI
- Chronic uveitis (swelling and irritation of the uvea)
- Immunosuppression infection
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Infectious Disease
Feline Immunodeciency Virus
Diagnosis
- Blood panel
- Leukopenia and anemia
- Serology
- ELISA
- In house test
- Western blot test
- PCR
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Infectious Disease
Feline Immunodeciency Virus
Treatment
- Symptomatic
- Control secondary infections
- Azidothymide (AZT)
- 5mg/kg PO or SQ BID
- Alpha interferon
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Infectious Disease
Feline Immunodeciency Virus
Prevention
No vaccine
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Infectious Disease
Haemobartonella (Feline Infectious Anemia)
Felis- Mycoplasma Hemofelis
Etiology
- Haemobartonella Felis
- Rickettsial disease- bacteria
- Transmitted by arthropod bites
- Causes hemolytic anemia
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Infectious Disease
Haemobartonella (Feline Infectious Anemia)
Felis- Mycoplasma Hemofelis
Clinical Signs
- Anorexia and depression
- Weakness and fever
- Anemia
- Pale mucous membranes
- Dyspnea
- Splenomegaly
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Infectious Disease
Haemobartonella (Feline Infectious Anemia)
Felis- Mycoplasma Hemofelis
Diagnosis
- Blood Profile
- Anemia
- Icterus
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Detection of parasite on blood smear exam
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Infectious Disease
Haemobartonella (Feline Infectious Anemia)
Felis- Mycoplasma Hemofelis
Treatment
- Tetracycline antibiotics
- Doxycycline
- Supportive care
- Blood Transfusion
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Infectious Disease
Rabies
Etiology
- Rabies is a acute viral encephalitis characterized by altered behavior, aggressiveness, paralysis and death
- Rhabdovirus which is slow progression
- Transmission
- Spread through saliva from bite wounds
- Virus migrates up neerve roots
- Rabies problem in wildlife
- Fox, skunk, raccoon, bobcat, coyote, and bat
- Species susceptibility
- High- fox, racoons, bats, skunk
- Medium- Primates, dogs, cats, and cattle
- Low - Birds, rabbits, rodents, horses, opossums
- Incubation period ranges from 3 weeks to >6 months
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Infectious Disease
Rabies
Clinical Signs
- 1. Prodromal stage
- Last 2-3 days
- Behavior change
- Snapping at imaginary objects
- Restlessness
- Vocalization
- Mydriasis- dilated pupils
- 2. Furious stage
- 1-7 days
- Increased response to stimuli
- Photophobia
- Fear of light
- Aggression
- Muscular incoordination to seizures
- 3. Paralytic (dumb) Stage
- 2-10 days after clinical signs
- Dysphagia- can't swallow
- Salivation
- Jaw Drop
- Paralysis of head to neck and whole body
- Coma
- Death
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Infectious Disease
Rabies
Diagnosis
- History and clinical signs
- Nogood antemortem test
- Intracellular inclusion bodies
- Negri bodies
- CNS tissue (Brain)
- Direct immunofluorescence
- Postmortem
- CNS tissue
- Hippocampus
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Infectious Disease
Rabies
Treatment
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Infectious Disease
Rabies
Prevention
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