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What are functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes?
- Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells
- Osteoclasts: large cells, resorb or breakdown bone matrix
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells
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What is hydroxyapatite?
Responsible for bone hardness and it's resistance to compression. Mainly calcium phosphates.
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What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
The shaft.
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What is an epiphysis of a long bone?
Expanded ends of long bones.
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What is present in the epiphyseal plate?
Hyaline cartilage
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What are trabeculae and what type of bone are they located in?
Honeycomb of flat pieces located in spongy bone.
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What gives bone it's compressive strength?
Hydroxyapatites
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What gives bone it's tensile strength?
Arrangement of collagen fibers.
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What is interstitial growth in bones?
Growth in length
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What is appositional growth in bones?
Growth in width.
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What is on osteon?
Compact bone
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What are canaliculi?
Hair-like canals or channels that connect lacunae to each other.
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When will calcitonin be released?
When Ca2+ (calcium ions) levels rise.
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When will parathyroid hormone be released?
When blood levels of ionic calcium decline.
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What bone cells will PTH stimulate to disslove bone?
Osteoclasts
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What is intramembranous ossification?
Forms the cranial bones of the skull and clavicles.
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What is endochondral ossification?
Embryonic formation of bone by the replacement of calcified cartilage; Most skeletal bones are formed by this process.
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Where do primary occification centers form in the hylaine model?
diaphysis
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Where do secondary occification centers form in the hyaline model?
epiphysis
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What is the periosteum?
Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.
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What are bursa sacs?
Fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and contain synovial fluid; occurs between bones and muscle tendons, where it acts to decrease friction during movement.
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What is a diathrosis?
Freely moveable joint.
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What is a synathrosis joint and an amphiarthrosis joint?
- Synathrosis joint: immoveable joint
- Amphiarthrosis joint: slightly moveable joint
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What is gomphoses?
A tooth embedded in it's socket.
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What are examples of cartilaginous joints?
- Epiphyseal plates in long bones of children.
- Intervertebral joints.
- Pubic symphysis of pelvis.
- (Bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity is present)
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Where are transverse foramina located?
Cervical spine
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What is the atlas and the axis?
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What is the dens?
Posterior, upward projection of the axis.
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What is a saddle joint and where is it found?
Responsible for biaxial movement (adduction/abduction;flexion/extension), found in the carpometacarpal joints of the thumb.
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What is opposition?
Body movement; The action when you touch your thumb to the tips of your fingers on the same hand.
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What is abduction and adduction?
- Abduction: movement of a limb away from the midline.
- (ex. Raising arm or thigh laterally)
- Adduction: Movement of a limb toward the body
- (ex. digits, hand or foot)
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What is the only joint capable of lateral excursions?
The tempomandibular joint.
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Where does pronation occur?
The forearm. (Movement of the radius around the ulna)
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What are scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis?
- Scoliosis: Lateral curvature that occurs most often in t-spine.
- Kyphosis: "hunchback"; a dorsally exagerrated thoracic curvature.
- Lordosis: "swayback"; accentuated lumbar curvature. Ex. potbellies and pregnant women.
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What are annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc?
- Nucleus pulposus: Inner gel of intervertebral disc, gives disc elasticity and compressibility.
- Annulus fibrosis: Strong collar of collagen fibers; surrounds the nucleus pulposus.
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What is significant about the mandible?
Only joint that has lateral excursion.
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What is significant about the hyoid bone?
Only bone that does not articulate directly with another bone.
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What is significant about the femur?
Longest, largest, strongest bone.
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What is significant about the calcaneous?
Carries talus on it's superior surface.
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What is significant about the talus?
Carries body weight.
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What do the capitulum and trochlea of the humerus articulate with?
Ulna and radius.
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What does the glenoid cavity articulate with?
Humerus of the arm forming the shoulder joint.
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What does the head of the femur articulate with?
Lateral aspect of the pelvis.
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What are the genoid labrum and acetabular labrum?
- Glenoid labrum: Rim of fibrocartilage in the glenoid cavity.
- Acetabular labrum: Rim of fibrocartilage in the acetabular.
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What articulates in the temporomandibular joint?
Temporal bone of skull and mandible.
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What articulates in the sternoclavicular joint?
Sternum and clavicle
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What articulates in the acromioclavicular joint?
Acromion of scapula and clavicle.
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What are examples of hinge joints?
Elbow and interphalangeal joints.
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What are examples of pivot joints?
Proximal radioulnar joints.
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What are examples of ball and socket joints?
Shoulder and hip joints.
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What bones articulate in the talocrural joint?
Tibia, fibula, and talus.
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What is the function of the anterior cruciate joint in the knee?
Prevents forward sliding of the tibia and the femur, and checks hyperextension of the knee.
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What ligaments are extracapsular in the knee joint?
Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments.
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What ligaments are intracapsular in the knee joint?
Anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament.
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What is the function of the annular ligament of the elbow?
Allows freedom for flexion and extension.
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What are the functions of the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments in the elbow?
Restricts side to side movement.
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What bone is the sella turcica a part of and what is its function?
Part of the sphenoid bone; Houses the pituitary gland.
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What bone are the cribriform plate, perpendicular plate, superior and middle nasal conchae, and cristi galli a part of?
Ethmoid bone.
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What are the major parts of the temporal bone?
- External auditory (acoustic) meatus
- Styloid process
- Mastoid process
- Zygomatic process
- Mandibular fossa
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What are the four paranasal sinuses?
- Frontal sinus
- Ethmoidal air cells (sinus)
- Sphenoidal sinus
- Maxillary sinus
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What are the three components of the nasal septum?
- Vomer
- Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
- Septal cartilage
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What are four sutures of the skull?
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Lambdoid
- Squamous
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What are the 8 cranial bones of the skull?
- Frontal
- Parietal (2)
- Occipital
- Temporal (2)
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
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What are the 14 facial bones?
- Maxillary (2)
- Zygomatic (2)
- Lacrimal (2)
- Nasal (2)
- Inferior nasal conchae (2)
- Vomer
- Mandible
- Palatine (2)
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What are the main parts of the scapula?
- Scapula
- Acromion
- Corocoid process
- Glenoid cavity
- Supraspinous fossa
- Infraspinous fossa
- Subscapular fossa
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What are the main parts of the tibia?
- Lateral and medial condyles
- Tibial tuberosity
- Medial malleous
- Anterior border
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What are the main parts of the femur?
- Head and neck
- Linea aspera
- Greater and lesser trochanter
- Fovea capitis
- Lateral and medial condyles
- Lateral and medial epicondyles
- Intercondylar fossa
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What are the main parts of the humerus?
- Head
- Anatomical and surgical neck
- Deltoid tuberosity
- Greater and lesser tubercle
- Intertubercular groove (sulcus)
- Capitulum
- Trochlea
- Coronoid and radial fossa
- Medial and lateral epicondyles
- Olecranon fossa
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Where are the medial malleous and lateral malleous located?
- Medial malleous: tibia
- Lateral malleous: fibula
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What do pedicals and lamina from the body of a vertebrae form?
Vertebral arch
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What are the articulations of a rib to a thoracic vertebrae?
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What is a curved hook of the hamate bone called?
Hamulus
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What are the 8 carpal bones?
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
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What are the 7 tarsal bones?
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Cuboid
- Navicular
- Medial, Intermediate and lateral cuneiform
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What makes up the hard palate?
Maxilla and palatine bone
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What are the types of ribs?
- True ribs (1-7)
- False ribs (8-12)
- Floating ribs (11-12)
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What is a foramen?
Hole or opening in a bone or between body cavities.
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What is a tuberosity?
Large round projection; may be roughened
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What is a tubercle?
Small rounded projection.
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What is a fossa?
Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface.
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What is a process?
Prominence or projection.
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What is a meatus?
External opening of a canal.
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What is a condyle?
Rounded articular projection.
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What is an epicondyle?
Raised area above condyle.
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What is a comminitated fracture?
Bone fragments into 3 or 4 pieces, common in the elderly.
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What is a closed fracture and an open fracture?
- Closed fracture: bone ends do not penetrate the skin
- Open fracture: bone ends penetrate the skin
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What is a spiral fracture?
(Ragged break) Excessively twisted, common in sports injuries.
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What is a greenstick fracture?
Common in children; One side breaks, other side bends.
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What is a Potts fracture?
Fracture located in distal end of fibia.
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What is a Colles fracture?
Fracture located at distal end of radius, above wrist.
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What is a reduction of a fracture?
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What is the sequence of bone healing?
- 1) Hematome formation
- 2)Fibrocartilage callus forms
- 3) Bony callus forms
- 4) Bone remodeling
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