-
ecological services
value of nature beyond aesthetics; what humans get from plants and animals
-
what are the ecological services provided by plants/animals?
- 1. provisioning (food, raw materials, water, medicinal)
- 2. regulating (local climate, pollination, air quality, buffers)
- 3. supporting (habitat for species, genetic diversity)
- 4. cultural (recreation, mental and physical health, tourism $)
-
ecology
- study of relationships between living organisms and their environments, one another and organisms in nature.
- plant ecology focuses on plants
-
ecology is built on
- patterns- relationships in nature
- processes- causes of patterns
- theory- explanations of processes
-
annual species
reproduce shortly after germination and die within the year (weeds, crops)
-
perennial species
must reach certain size before reproduction but survive long and reproduce many times (trees, flowers)
-
semelparous/ monocarpic
reproduce in a single bout
-
iteroparous/ polycarpic
reproduce repeatedly
-
phenology
timing of growth and reproduction within a year
-
-
competing demographic functions?
survival, growth & reproduction
-
vernalization
a period of cool or cold temperatures
-
winter annuals
germinate in autumn, over winter as vegetative plants and die in spring
-
summer annuals
complete above ground livecycle in warms months
-
biennials
- semelparous plants that flower after two or more years
- retreat underground
-
semelparous perennials
- live for a number of years before flowering
- stay above ground
-
genet
- product of a single seed
- genetically distinct individuals
-
ramets
- independent unit of a genet
- not necessarily genetically distinct
-
population dynamics
study of changes in numbers, compositing and spatial dispersion within a population
-
density-dependent
factors affecting population growth depend on number of individuals per unit area
-
seed bank
ungerminated seeds persist in the soil from year to year
-
clonal fragmentation
individual must leave to new population
-
fragmentation
fragment can leave but genet must stay put
-
stage classes
defined by combination of age, life history, size & other status
-
structure
a description of the frequency of each class
-
vital rates
reproductive rate and chance of surviving
-
germination
act of emerging from seeds/spores and beginning to grow
-
DBH
Diameter breast height- measure of tree size
-
static life tables
- flawed way of studying long lived plants
- makes too many assumptions
-
environmental stochasticity
vital rates can vary as a result of environmental facters that affect all in the same stage class the same way
-
demographic stochasticity
chance variations in the fates of individuals
-
loamy soils
- balance between sand, silt and clay soil
- best for agriculture
-
sandy soils
- at least 50% sand
- doesnt hold water or minerals well
- very aerated
-
clayey soils
- can hold a lot of water and holds minerals well (as well as pollutants and pesticides)
- poor aeration and water flow
-
silty soils
intermediate between sand and clayey soils
-
parent material
upper layers of heterogenous mass that's left over from forces on rocks
-
-
sedimentary
depostion from other rocks
-
metamorphic
changed by great pressure on other rocks
-
mycorrhizae
A fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship.
-
endomycorrhizae
- three types=
- AM
- ERICOID
- ORCHIDACEOUS
-
AM
- type of endomycorrhizae
- makes muscles
-
ericoid
- type of endomycorrhizae
- specialized for symbioses with plant species
-
orchidaceous
symbioses with orchids
-
ectendomycorrhizae
both ECM and ericoid
-
-
-
range limit
boundaries of population, physical limit
-
soil plays a major role in ?
what grows where
-
cross section of a tree shows
- growth patterns
- wider ring = healthier year
-
seed
- determinant to where plants grow, can be dormant for years
- disturbance = growth
-
what are the limits to range?
- types of soil
- climate
- disease and insects
- disasters
-
seed functions
- reproduction
- dispersal
- feed the embryo
- protect the embryo
- persistance
- genetic diversity
-
reproduction
- increase in numbers
- number of seeds doesn't equal number of seedlings
-
dispersal
- movement
- uses energy & nutrients
-
genetic diversity
- natural selection
- adaptation to changing climates
-
clonal plants
with numerous ramets
-
clonal dispersion
- mechanics
- degree of exploration
- growth following resources
- degree of integration
-
stolons
branches that spread out just above the soil
-
rhizomes
underground horizontal stems
-
bulbs
underground stems that store nutrients
-
agamospermy
asexually production of seeds
-
gametophyte
- haploid generation
- produces gametes
-
sporophyte
- diploid generation
- procuces spores
-
perianth
petals and sepals together
-
pollination
transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma
-
gymnosperms
a plant that has seeds unprotected by fruits
-
angiosperms
- a plant that produces flowers and produces seeds in a carpel
- attract pollinators with scent, nectar, colors
-
female organs of a flower- carpel
- carpel
- stigma
- style
- ovary
- ovules
-
stigma
where pollen sticks
-
style
tube that connects stigma to ovary
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
fertilization
tube grows to egg
-
avoid self pollination via
dichogamy and herkogamy
-
dichogamy
temporal separation
-
herkogamy
spatial separation
-
7 advantages of clonal growth
- new ramets supported for extended periods of time
- whole clone benefits from one good ramets
- can relocate to stressed parts of clone
- correlates branching and growth
- avoid seedling/baby stage
- successful genotypes co-opts resources
- movement is possible leaving bad environment
-
6 costs of clonal growth
- resources and respiration to maintain
- local stress of damage may affect whole plant
- growth, survival & reproduction of ramets may be sacrificed to save one
- disease may spread rapidly
- meristems used up
- few seeds available
|
|