CDO 338 4 Phonological Processes

• 1.Syllable
• structure
• 2.Assimilation
• or harmony
• 3.Feature
• contrast or substitution
• 4.other

sound changes that affect the syllable shape of words. The change may be in the # of syllables or in the shape of syllables

tedo for potato

tet for skate

called an open syllable; ma for mop

it for seat

be be for baby

adding a vowel between consonants- supun for spoon

• Cluster Reduction  (CR)
• —Reduplication (RE)
• —Weak Syllable Deletion (SD)
• —Final Consonant Deletion (FCD)

the syllabic structure of the word to copy the adult’s version

• ◦1.  Unstressed /Weak Syllable Deletion*
• ◦2. Reduplication*
• ◦3. Final Consonant Deletion*
• ◦4.Cluster Reduction/deletion*
• ◦5. Initial Consonant Deletion  (ICD)
• ◦6. Cluster Substitution  (CS)
• ◦7. Epenthesis (EP)

• A sound or syllable is changed to become more SIMILAR to another sound or syllable in the word.
• SOUNDS or SYLLABLES of a word become MORE ALIKE

• The phenomenon whereby a sound becomes more like a neighboring sound.
• Changes are attributed to the influence of the phonetic context.

• Labial Assimilation
• —Velar Assimilation
• —Nasal Assimilation
• —Liquid Assimilation

—A nonlabial consonant in the word becomes a labial due to the influence of another labial in the word /name/ becomes /mame/

The change of a nonvelar into a velar sound under the influence of a neighboring velar sound /dcg/ becomes /gcg/

• A nonnasal sound becomes nasal because of a nasal in the phonetic environment.
• /b^ni/ becomes /m^ni/
• /tem/ becomes/nem/

Typically place of production is retained, only manner is altered.

• —A nonliquid sound becomes a liquid because of the influence of a liquid in the syllable/word
• /sil/ becomes /lil/
• /jElo/ becomes /lElo/

• —Consonant Cluster Substitution
• —Fronting
• —Labialization
• Alveolarization
• Stopping
• —Affrication
• Deaffrication
• Denasalization
• —Gliding
• —Vowelization
• —Voicing
• —Devoicing

• —Replacement of 1 member of a cluster
• /strIN/ becomes /stlIN/
• —/sket/ becomes /swet/

• Substitutions of a more anteriorly located sound for the target sound. 
• —Velar fronting  (t/k)- /k^p/ becomes /t^p/
• Palatal fronting /s/sh/- /SUd/ becomes /sUd/

• —Replacement of a labial sound for a nonlabial sound (usually an interdental or alveolar obstruent)
• /T^m/ becomes /f^m/
• —/s^n/ becomes /v^n/

• —Substitution of an alveolar for a nonalveolar sound (mostly interdental & labio-dental sounds affected)
• —/T^m/ becomes /s^m/
• —/fAt/ becomes /nAt/

• Substitution of stops for fricatives or affricates
• —/su/ becomes /tu/
• /tSIn/ becomes /tIn/
• —/f^n/ becomes /p^n/

• Substitution of a affricate for a fricative
• /Su/ becomes /tSu/
• —/sop/ becomes /tSop/

• —Substitution of a fricative for an affricate
• —/tS|tS/ becomes /S|S/
• /tS|tS/ becomes /s|s/

• —Substitution of a stop for a nasal
• —/noz/ becomes /poz/
• —/sIN/ becomes /sIk/

• Substitution of a glide for a liquid
• /lEg/ becomes /wEg/
• /rEd/ becomes /jEd/

• Substitution of a vowel for another vowel or for a syllabic liquid and nasal.
• —/titS|/ becomes /titS\/
• /tebl/ becomes /tebo/

• —Substitution of the voiced cognate for the voiceless
• —/s^n/ becomes /z^n/
• —/kaIt/ becomes /gaIt/

• —Substitution of the voiceless cognate for the voiced.
• /zIp|/ becomes /sIp|/
• —/dZ^dZ/ becomes /tS^tS/

• ◦Consonant Cluster Substitution
• ◦Velar Fronting
• ◦Labialization
• ◦Alveolarization
• ◦Stopping
• ◦Liquid Gliding
• ◦Deaffrication
• ◦Affrication
• ◦Denasalization
• ◦Vowelization
• ◦Voicing/Devoicing

• ◦Palatalization
• ◦Depalatalization
• ◦Backing
• ◦Stridency Deletion

• —Articulation shifts
• —Idiosyncratic patterns
• Multiple processes or deviations