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kidney
primary organ for regulating chemical enviroment and ion balance
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nephron
functional unit of the kidney
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function of nephron
- determines what is kept and what is waste
- regulates blood pressure and pH
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glomerulus
ball of capillaries that performs the first step in filtering blood from urine
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walls of glomerulus are:
- semipermiable
- non-selective for small particles
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ascending tube of Loof of Henle
impermeable to water, actively (uses ATP) to transport Na+out of tubule
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descending tubule
- permeable to water
- water is recovered
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water moves out of the nephron and into tissues due to:
osmotic gradient set by ascending arm
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ADH
an atidiuretic released by the pituitary gland that controls permeability of collecting ducts
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collecting duct
series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter
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function of collecting duct
participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion
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happens when ADH is released:
- more water is retained by the body
- urine is more concentrated
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ADH is produced when:
- dehydrated
- low blood pressure
- stress
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where does blood enter the kidney?
through th renal artery
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where does filtration occur?
the glomerulus of the nephron
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what tubule is permeable to water?
descending tube of Loop of Henle
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where are the highest levels of Na+?
near the base of the ascending tube
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what does ADH stand for?
antidiuretic hormone
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what does ADH production depend on?
osmotic concentration of blood and blood pressure
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3 times when is ADH produced:
- during dehydration
- when blood pressure is low
- during stress
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in animals, what drives survival, reproduction, and fitness?
competition*
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what controls the body temp. and in what type of animals?*
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causes an increase in body temp., causing a fever*
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makes the fat deposits brown in hibernating animals*
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in brown fat deposits, why does the mitochondria produce only heat?*
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difference between climate and weather*
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in homeotherms, what does weather drive?*
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