day 9 bio

point at which some of the axons of retinal ganglion cells cross

Left

• 1. retina then
• 2. lateral geniculate nucleus
• 3. primary visual cortex

light information has to reach visual primary cortex

-retinal ganglion cells

-lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

-layer 4 cells of primary visual cortex

neurons grouped in vertical columns all share same general visual area

• -appears to be important in determining WHERE?
• *damage here: prevents people from reaching out and grabbing objects
• **they may know what the object is though
• ***goes up the brain

• -appears to be important for identifying WHAT an object is
• *admage here: no problem reaching for the objects
• **cannot recognize what they are
• ***goes down the brain

• -light
• *wavelengths will effect what color we see
• *size of the wave will effect the intensity (brightness)

• -molecules
• *found in food, fluid, and air

• vibrations of air molecules
• *sound vibraitons

-for sound localization ad funneling vibrations to the sense organ

impact on the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

• ossicles
• *malleus
• *incus
• *stapes

movement of the tympanic membrane moves the bones

-amplify sound

• -fluid-filled spiral with inner finger-like structure
• *sense organ of audition

ion channels to open

prevents ion channel openings

hair cells

• NT released from it onto neurons and cause AP to be generated.
• *these neurons leave the ear as the auditory nerve then go to CNS

hair cells in different parts of the cochlea to be stimulated

can be thought of as having a receptive field for that tone

regions of the cochlea that respond best to one tone are neighbored by regions that respond best to a tone of a slightly different frequency

region of the thalamus that processes auditory information

temporal lobe

***it is organized in columns

muscles

• what?
• *going left

• where?
• *to the right of brain

-located next to cochlea

-sense organ for the vestibular system

• sense organ
• -information related to head movements and intensity of head movements
• -important for balance

1.by the movement of the fluid in the semi-circular canals and the stimulaton of hair cells

2.infor from hair cells traveled out of auditory nerve

3. info is proceseed by brainstem and cerebellum

4.system works with visual system

-able to focus in what you are looking at regardless of movement

**balance and visual

-alcohol changes density of fluid in semi-circular canals causing to keep stimulating hair cells even when youre not moving

-mostly exaggertaed at night becaus ebrain cannotuse visual processes to let you know worls is still