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How is statistics used in the hospital and health care facilities?
Internal & external uses...
- Internally:
- as a management tool for decision making
- personnel and staffing
- budgeting
- Externally:
- accrediting
- state licensure boards
- health planning commissions
- physician training porgrams
- nursing and allied health training porgrams
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types of data
- nominal
- Also called categorial, qualitative or named data
- Include numeric values assign to catergories
- Example: Male =0 Female=1
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types of data
- ordinal
Represent rankings according to some criterion
- Example: Severity of illness
- 0=no risk illness
- 1=low risk
- 2=moderate risk
- 3=high risk
- 4=severe risk
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types of data
- discrete
Numeric values in which the number has meaning. (usually a whole number)
Example: number of admissions by residence (city, suburbs, rural)
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types of data
- continuous
Continous data assumes an infinite number of possible values
Example: charges(cost) or weight
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Methods of presentations: (differences & similarities)
- frequency distribution
- Allows nominal, ordinal, discrete, and continous data to be grouped into specific categories and the total number of observations in each category to be displayed.
- Percentage represent the relative frequency
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Methods of presentations: (differences & similarities)
- bar graph
- used to compare different things at one time or one thing over a period of time i.e the frequency of a variable
- Horizontal (x) shows discrete category
- Vertical (y) shows the frequency
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methods of presentations: (differences & similarities)
- histograph
- Used to represent frequency distributive with continous-interval data
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methods of presentations: (differences & similarities)
- know the difference between bar graph and histogram
- Histogram is similar to bar graph, but horizontal axis usually reppresent the continous-interval categories rather than discrete categories used in the bar graph
- Height of bar graph displays the frequency of each category
- Histograms are used when the distribution of the data needs to be emphasized more than the value
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methods of presentations: (differences & similarities)
- pie chart: determine the angles
- 360 chart
- divided into sections
- each section represents the frequency of each category (by relative frequency)
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Methods of presentations: (differences & similarities)
- frequency polygon/line graph
- Displays continous data
- Shows relationship between two variables
- Horizontal (x)axis shows independant data
- Vertical (y)axis shows the dependant data
- the area under the polygram (line) displays the frequency
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methods of presentations: (differences & similarities)
- Rules for preparing a graph
- Must have title
- time period, if appropriate
- author (who prepared it)
- source of data (monthly stats, medical record, etc.)
- date of graph
- breif staetment, if special study
- keep graphs simple
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Difference between a birth and a delivery
Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring; childbirth ; parturition:
Delivery expulsion or extraction of the child and fetal membranes at birth.
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ACOG/ICD-9 classification of gestational age
- Early fetal death = less than 20 weeks (500g or less)
- Intermediate fetal death = 20-27 weeks
- Late fetal death = 28 weeks or later
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- Available bodies (bodies included/excluded in the denominator)
- - hospital autopsy
- - gross autopsy
- - fetal autopsy
- - net autopsy
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Reporting Vital Statistics (points of distribution)
Vital stats provide valuable information to private individuals, public health and welfare information, laywers, research and social workers.
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Calculations:
· Includes: Length of stay (LOS)
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Calculations: Average LOS
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Calculations: c-section rate,
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Calculations: consultation rate,
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Calculations: infection rate,
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Calculations: autopsy rate,
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Calculations: death rate,
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Calculations: occupancy rate
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Autopsy
the inspection and partial dissection of a dead body to learn the cause of death and the nature and extent of disease
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Net Autopsy
Only IP are included / Total IP -coronors cases
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Hospital autopsy
# of autopsies for period/# of death of hospital available for hospital for that period
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Fetal Autoposy rate
i & l fetal deaths for period/Total i&l fetal deaths
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Gross autopsy
IP autopsied/total deaths (A&C, NB)
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Stats taken from Death Cert. helps who evaluate?
- underlying causes of death
- death rate trends
- multiple causes of death
- frequency of conditions that occur together
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Points distribution for fetal death form go to:
- Copies to NCHS & local agency
- Original to state
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Who is responsible for fillingout death cert?
Attending physician
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Fetal death
- i & l death reported
- early fetal death reported only when mother request and a copy
- attending physician to complete form
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What are the terms related to a frequency distribution
- Range - diff. between high and low
- Class - category of scores
- Class interval - with/range within a class
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NVSS?
- National Vital Stats System:responsible for official stats in USA
- part f NCHS (Natl Center for Health Stats)
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Vital Stats
refers to data compiled on crucial events in life: birth, marraige, death, divorce
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Steps to report Birth Certificate
- Attending physician files out form (typed)
- Copy to local registry (Austin,TX)
- State registar gets original
- Copy to Natl registar
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2 parts of birth certificate
- Information about child and parent
- info on pregnancy
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Live births are classified by:
1.?
2.?
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indirect maternal death
a maternal death "not" directly due t obstestric causes but aggravated by pregnacy
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direct maternal death
death directly related to pregnancy
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occupancy rates are used/computed for:
- a single day
- entire hospital
- several days
- change in bed count
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IP death
death while an inpatient at the hospital, prior to discharge
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Mortality (def.)
refers to death or being fatal
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postnatal/postneonatal (def,)
period from end of neonatal to one year of age
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Partum
- refers to childbirth
- pre and post (before and after)
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Leave of absence
away for short time, but returns to hospital before census taking time
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Beds excluded from bed count:
- ER/ED beds
- labor beds
- PT beds
- 23 hrs beds
- outpatient beds
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Hospital patient
receiveing services from hospital in person
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Inpatient bed count
denoting the presence f one inpatient bed, set up and staffed , occupied or vacant, for a 24 hrs period
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Infant
- live newborn til one year of age.
- If infant dies, considered infant death
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Newborn
a patient born in hospital at the beginning of life and current inpatient hospitalization
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Perinatal death
includes stillborn and neonatal deaths
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Perinatal period
perioed surrounding birth
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DOA (def.)
Dead on arrival
A patient brought to hospital with no sign of life
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Neonatal death
newborn who dies prior to reaching 28 days of age
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Gross death rate
All eligible deaths
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Net death rate and Institutional death rate
deaths >48 hours or more after admission
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Non institutional death
occurs less than 48 hours
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Deaths not in included in fetal rates
early fetal death
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Outpatient death
- deaths that occur in:
- ER/ED rooms
- inhome/hospice
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Deaths not includes in death rates:
- OP death
- ER death
- DOAs
- Fetal deaths
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Hospital fetal death
Death prior to expulsion or extraction from mother in a hospital facility
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Fetal death
fetus not alive at time of delivery
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Induced termination f pregnancy
interruption of an intrauterine pregancyw/the intention of not giving birth to liveborn infant
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Maternal/OB death
death of women within 42 days of pregnancy
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Maternal death
woman who dies following an abortion or before delivery
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Puerperium
42 day following pregnancy
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Neonatal
newborn up to 28 dyas
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Premature birth
applied to newborn with birth weight less than 2500grams
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