Anthropology 2-2

• Only one hominid remains(?): Homo sapiens
• Climate: 10°C colder than today
• Cold adapted flora/fauna
• Hunters/gatherers/fishers
• Small, mobile bands
• Health: Seasonal malnutrition; Degenerative diseases (arthritis); Trauma

• Bone and antler tools
• Atlatl
• Hafting composite tools
• Stylized tools
• New flint knapping techniques
• Stone tool efficiency
• Calendars?

• Burial goods include:
• Jewelry and ornaments made of bone, shell, horn, teeth, ivory, and red ochre
• Tools, weapons
• Animal bones
• Flowers

• Portable Art
• ---Personal adornments (beads, necklaces, bracelets), carved tools, musical instruments (flutes), carved animals, Venus figurines
• Non-Portable Art
• ---cave paintings in SW Europe

• Remote and hard to get to locales
• Temples?; Sanctuaries?; Sacred Places?
• Hunting magic?; fertility magic?; Music halls?
• Context was important
• Animals, geometric figures, anthropomorphs, plants
• Polychromatic (black, gray, brown, red, white, yellow)
• Natural pigments (pollen, ochre, manganese, hematite, charcoal) mixed with animal fat, blood, animal and vegetable oils, egg white
• Brush paint, finger paint, stamp, stencil, bas-relief, engrave, sculpt, perspective
• New images superimposed over old
• Old images retouched

~600 paintings and 1500 engravings from 17,000 BP

Northern Spain from ~16,000 – ~14,000 BP (Polychromatic deer, bison, wild boar). Reds, blacks, earthen colors

• 1. Lower Paleolithic: 2.3mya - 200,000 BP
• 2. Middle Paleolithic: 200,000 BP - 40,000 BP
• 3. Upper Paleolithic: 40,000 BP - 12,000 BP
• 4. Mesolithic: began 12,000 BP
• 5. Neolithic: began 10,000 BP
• 6. Bronze Age: began 5,000 BP
• 7. Iron Age: began 3,000 BP

• Entire world populated by humans
• End of the ice age
• Hunters/gatherers
• Fish, shellfish, small game, nuts, seeds, wild plants
• More sites types (kill, lithic scatters, shell middens, fishing sites, base camps)
• Architecture: Skin tents
• Microliths
• Ground stone tools
• Nets and net sinkers
• Fish hooks
• Pottery

• Plant and animal domestication
• Permanent settlements
• Increased sedentism
• Population growth
• Mortars and Pestles
• Weavings
• Monumental architecture
• Burials indicating social stratification
• Long distance trade
• Ideology/Religion

• 1) Oasis: environmental changes led to closer association with certain plants and animals
• 2) Food crisis and population explosion: mass extinctions made people more reliant on remaining species
• 3) Marginal environment: living in marginal environments led to better management of plants and animals

• Manipulation of genetic material
• Restriction of herds and interference with their reproduction
• Artificial selective breeding
• Transportation, warfare, beasts of burden, meat, milk, hides, bones, blood, eggs, wealth, companionship

• Smaller animals
• Presence of desired traits
• Mortality Profiles

• Manipulation of genetic material
• Planting and harvesting becomes predictable
• Not always successful
• Food, drink, medicine, clothing, tools, ritual/ceremony, art/ornamentation/landscaping

• Larger plants
• Quick germination
• Loss of natural dissemination method

• Availability of controlled resources
• Production and storage of surplus for off-season use
• Ecological disruptions, erosion, soil salination
• Community life and poor sanitation, water contamination, and waste disposal problems.
• Increased epidemics and the spread of infectious disease, such as zoonotic diseases.