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Computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI)
The interviewer's questions are prompted on the computer screen, and the data are entered directly into the computer for analysis
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Closed-ended question
A limited number of response alternative are given.
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Cluster sampling
- A probability sampling method in which existing groups, or geogrphic areas called clusters, are identified.
- Clusters are randomly sampled and tehn everyone in the selected clusters participates in the study.
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Confidence interval
An interval of values within which there is a given level of confidence where the population value lies.
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Face-to-face interview
Require that the interviewer and respondent meet to conduct the interview
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Focus group
An interview with a group of about 6 to 10 individuals brought together for a period of usually 2-3 hours.
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Graphic rating scale
Requires a mark along a continguous 100-millimeter line that is anchored with descriptions at each end.
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Haphazard (convenince) sampling
- Selecting subjects in a haphazard manner usually on the basis on the availability and not with regard to having a representative sample of the population
- A type of nonprobability sampling
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Internet survey
- A questionnaire for administration on the Internet
- Open- and closed-ended questions can be presented
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Interviewer bias
Intentional or unintentional influence exerted by the interviewer in wuch a way that the actual or interpreted behavior of respondents is consistent with the interviewers expectations.
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Mail survey
- Surveys can be mailed to individuals at a home or business adress
- Potential low response rates
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Nonprobability sampling
Type of sampling procedure in which one cannot specify the probability that any member of the population will be included in the sample.
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Open-ended questions
Respondent are free to answer in any ways they like.
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Panel study
Research in which the same sample of subjects is studied at two or more points in time usually to assess changes that occur in time.
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Population
The defined group of individuals from which a sample is drawn.
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Probablity sampling
Type of sampling procedure in which one is able to specify the probability that any member of the population will be included in the sample.
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Purposive sampling
A type of haphazard sample conducted to predetermine types of individuals for the sample.
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Quota sampling
- A sampling procedure in which the samples chosen to reflect the numerical composition in various subgroups in the population
- A haphazard sampling technique is used to obtain the sample.
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Random sample
A sampling made to reduce bias.
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Rating scale
Ask people to provide "how much" judgments on any number of dimensions: amount of agreement, liking, or confidence, for example.
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Response rate
A percentage of people selected for a sample who actually completed a survey
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Response set
A pattern of response to question on a self-report measure that is not related to the content of the questions
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Sampling
The process of choosing members of the population to be included in a sample
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Sampling error
The confidence interval gives you information about the likely amount of the error
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Sampling frame
The individuals or clusters of individuals in a population who might actually be selected for inclusion in the sample.
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Semantic differential scale
Respondents rate any concept—persons, objects, behaviors, ideas—on a series of bipolar adjectives using 7-point scales
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Simple random sampling
A sampling procedure in which each member of the population (we could leave) has equal probability of being included in the sample.
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Stratified Random sampling
Population is divided into subgroups (strata) and random sampling techniques are then used to select sample members from each stratum.
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Survey research
- Employs questionnaires and interviews to ask people to provide information about themselves:
- Their attitudes and beliefs
- Demographics (age, gender, income, marital status, and so on)
- Past or intended future behaviors
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Telephone interview
- Less expensive
- Allow data to be collected relatively quickly
- Computerized telephone survey techniques lower the cose of telephone surveys by reducing labor and data analysis costs
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Yea-saying and Nay-saying
A respondent employs a response set to agree or disagree with all the questions
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Discuss reasons for conducting survey research.
- Information of people:
- Their attitudes and beliefs
- Demographics (age, gender, income, marital status, and so on)
- Part or intended future behaviors
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Indentify factors to consider when writing questions for interviews and questionnaires, including defining research objectives and question wording.
- Research Objectives
- What does he or she wish to know the survey questions must be tied to the research questions that are being addressed
- Types of Survey Questions:
- Attitudes and beliefs
- Facts and demographics
- Behaviors
- Question Wording
- Avoids double-barreled questions, loaded questions, negative wording, and yea- or nay-saying.
- They should be simple
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Describe different ways to construct questionnaire responses included closed-ended question, open-ended questions, and rating scales.
- Closed-Ended Question
- Limited number of responses are given
- Open-Ended Question
- Participants are able to answer how they want
- Rating Scales
- Ask people to provide "how much" judgements on any number of dimensions such as amounts of agreement, liking, or confidence
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Compare the two ways to administer surveys: written questionnaires, oral interviews.
Written Questionnaires and Oral Interviews:
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Define interviewer bias.
Intentional or unintentional influence exerted by a interviewer in such a way that the actual or interpreted behavior of respondents is consistent wth the interviewer's expectations
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Describe a panel study.
Research in which the same sample of subjects is studied at two or more points in time usually to assess changes that occur over time.
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Distinguish between probability and nonprobability sampling techniques.
- Probability sampling
- Type of sampling procedure in which one is able to specify the probability that any member of the population will be included in the sample
- Nonprobability sampling
- Type of sampling procedure in which one cannot specify the probability that any member of the population will be included in the sample
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Describe simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and clustered sampling.
- Random sampling
- Choosing people at random to reduce bias
- Stratified random sampling
- Population is divided into subgroups (strata) and random sampling techniques are then used to select sample members from each stratum
- Clustered sampling
- Existing groups or geographic areas (clusters) are identified. Clusters are sampled and then everyone in the selected clusters participate in the study.
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Describe haphazard sampling, purposive sampling, and quota sampling.
- Haphazard (convenience) sampling
- Selecting subjects in a haphazard manner, usually on the basis of availability, and not with regard to having a representative sample of the population
- Type of nonprobability sampling
- Purposive sampling
- Type of haphazard sample conducted to obtain predetermined types of individuals for the sample
- Quota sampling
- A sampling procedure in which the sample is chosen to reflect the numerical composition of various subgroups in the population
- A haphazard sampling technique is used to obtain the sample
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Describe the way the samples are evaluated for potential bias including sampling frames and response rate.
- Sampling frames
- Actual population of individuals in which sample would be drawn
- Response rate
- Percentage of people in the sample who actually completed the survey
- 1. Randomly sample from a population that contains all individuals in the population
- 2. Contact and obtain completed responses from all individuals slected to be in the sample
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