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first and second law of thermodynamics
- first: total amount of energy constant
- second: processes move from state of order to disorder
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chemical work
making and breaking of chemical bonds
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Transport work
moving ions, molecules and larger particles
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endergonic reaction
take in energy
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exergonic reaction
release energy
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if reactant > products reaction goes ____
if products > reactants reaction goes ______
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enzymes
- lower activation energy
- act as catalyst
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explain substrate, enzyme, and active site
- substrate ractant enzyme acts on
- enzyme binds to substrate
- active site is where substrate binds
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allosteric control
activate or inhibit enzyme activity
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in feedback end product used as ______
- inhibitor
- good way to make sure not to much end product
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explain cofactors and coenzymes
- cofactors bind to protein and activates it
- ex- zinc, Mg, Fe
- Coenzymes are organic cofactors ( shuttle for ATP production)
- ex- NAD+, FADH
- -H+ shuttles
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Anabolic and Catabolic pathways
- Anabolic build molecules, consume energy
- Catabolic break down complex molecules, release energy
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when is energy released from ATP?
phosphate bond is broken
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what are four things included in metabolism?
- 1. control enzyme concentrations
- 2. Allosteric and covalent modulators
- 3. diff enymes for reversible reactions
- 4. contain enzymes in organelles
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3 stages of respiration
- glycolysis
- kreb's( TCA cycle)
- electron transport system
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explain glycolysis
- occur in cytosol
- break glucose to pyruvate
- 1.phosphate added to glucose
- 2. glucose isomer made
- 3. phosphate group added
- 4. glucose split onto 2 3-C molecules
- 5. conversion b/w isomers
- 6.transfer of electrons and H+ to NAD+
- exergonic, add 2 phosphate
- 7. make ATP twice
- 8. relocate last phosphate
- 9. make double bond
- 10. transfer P- make ATP
- end product = 2 pyruvate, 2ATP, 2 NADH
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TCA Cycle
- in mitochondria
- pyruvate become acetyl CoA
- aerobic respiration
- 1. lose CO2
- 2.load up FADH2 and NADH which contain high energy electrons (for ETC)
- 3.little ATP produced here
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oxidative phosphorylation
uses energy relased from oxidation of nutrients for ATP production
- chemiosmsis electron transport with ATP Synthesis
- NADH & FADH2
- -donate electron to ETC
- -power ATP synthesis
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ETC
- -electrons from NADH and FADH2 lose energy in several steps
- - end of chain electrons passed to oxygen forming water
- -casues H+ to move to intermembrane
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- 1. electrons passed on ETC from NADH to oygen. Three sites where H+ moved into intermembrane space
- 2. FADH donate electron to ETC there are two sites where H+ moves from amtrix to intermembrane space
- 3. high concentration of H+ in intermembrane can make ATP when it goes through ATP synthase down concentration gradient
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C6H12O2 + O2 + ADP--->
CO2 + H2O + ATP
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1 glucose molecule yields ____ ATP
- 38
- oxygen required for process ( aerobic)
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Ferementation
- if no O2 available make ATP anaerobically
- involves :
- glycolysis
- processes that regenerate NAD+
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Alchohol Feremntation
- pyruvate converted to ethanol
- release CO2
- irreversible
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Lacatate Fermentation
- convert pyruvate to lactic acid
- reform NAD+ for glycolysis ( more ATP formed)
- Reversible
- ex: exercise
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phosphofructokinase
- ATP turns off this ands up shutting everything down
- activate it then everything activated
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Fats
- consist of glycerol and fatty acids
- glycerol--> glycolysis
- fatty acids--> Beta oxidation
- -Acetyl CoA enters Kreb's cyclelots of ATP
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Proteins
- broken down to amino acids
- Amino acids--> Keto acids
- enters TCA cycle/ Acetyl CoAVariable ATP
- proteins last choice
- burn through sugar first, then B oxiation, then protein
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glycogenolysis
- Glycogen
- storage in form of glucose in liver and skeletal muscle
- converted to glucose or glucose 6 phosphate
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