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What are four general functions of nervous tissue?
- Detect and analyze sensory input
- Coordinate body activities
- Store experiences
- Learning and memory
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What are the two parts of the nervous system?
- 1) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all the nerves of the body ie. spinal, autonomic, enteric
- 2) Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
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How does the nervous system divide tasks?
Somatotopic organization- there are ways that labour can be divided at the body level, systems level, circuit level, and cell level.
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What is a gyri?
"Bump" on the brain surface
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What is a sulci?
"groove" on the brain surface
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Provide an example of somatotopic organization?
There is a gyrus on either side of the central sulcus. The precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex. The postcentral gyrus is the primary sensory cortex.
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How is the precentral gyrus different from the postcentral gyrus?
The precentral gyrus contains a layer of Betz cells which are specifically involved in motor function.
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How is the spinal cord organized?
Sensory info enters at the dorsal horn while motor info exits at the ventral horn.
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What is white matter (in the spinal cord)?
Ascending and descending tracts of myelinated nerve fibers
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What is gray matter?
Nerve cell bodies
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What type of information do peripheral nerves carry?
Both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) information
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What are somatic nerves?
- Nerves of the PNS where sensory info is consciously perceived
- Motor activity is voluntary (skeletal muscle)
- Usually a single neuron connection
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What are visceral nerves?
- Aka autonomic nerves
- Nerves of the PNS where sensory info is perceived unconsciously (ie. propioception- positions of the limbs)
- Motor activity is involuntary
- Multiple connections
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What are the two types of autonomic nerves?
- 1) Sympathetic: flight or fight, catabolic, mobilize energy stores
- 2) Parasympathetic: rest and repose, anabolic, growth, tissue repair/maintenance
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Name two important differences between sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves.
- 1) Function (sympathetic=catabolic, parasympathetic=anabolic)
- 2) Origin of nerve cell bodies (sympathetic= thoracic and lumbar, parasympathetic= sacral and cervical/cranial)
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What are the three broad categories of nervous tissue?
- 1) Neurons: excitable cells that carry out information transfer
- 2) Glia: non-excitable cells of neural origin that enhance efficiency of transmission
- 3) Support cells : include cells of the blood vessels and microglia (immune cells of the CNS)
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What is Nissl substance?
Ribosome-rich RER in a neuron (found in the soma)
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Name the four major parts of a neuron.
- Soma
- Dendrites
- Axon
- Terminal
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Describe the dendrites of a neuron.
- Receptive region of the cell
- Conduct afferent info towards the cell body
- Some contents similar to soma - mitochondria and SER, microtubules and neurofilaments
- Lack Golgi complexes
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Describe the axon of a neuron.
- Conductive region of the cell
- Sends impulses away from the cell
- Contains mitochondria and SER (no RER)
- Microtubules - axonal transport- moves vesicles and proteins, recycles structural components, anterograde and retrograde transport
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What is the effector region?
Wherever the neuron contacts/effects target gland, muscle, or neuron
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What are the three parts to a synapse?
- Presynaptic terminal
- Postsynaptic terminal
- Synaptic cleft
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Name two types of synapses.
Axosomatic and axodendritic
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