biological psych 4-6

The axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles

the brain and the spinal cord

connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

controls the heart, intestines, and other organs

toward the back

toward the stomach

part of the CNS within the spinal column

one if first discoveries about the functions of the nervous system, the entering dorsal roots carry sensory info, and the exiting ventral roots carry motor info

bell-magendie law

clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord where sensory neurons are located

densely packed matter with cell bodies and dendrites

matter consisting mostly of myelinated axons

network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigorous activity, consists of chains of ganglia just to the left ad right of the spinal cords central regions

facilitates vegatative, nonemergency responses

posterior part of the brain, concists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum

medulla and pons, the midbrain and certain ceontral structures of the forebrain

just above the spinal cord and can be regarded as an enlarged extensions of the spinal cord into the skull. controls vital reflexes

controls sensations from the head, muscle movements of the head, and much of the parasympathic output to the organs

bridge between the two halfs of the brain

has descending and ascending portions

sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brains readiness to respond to stimuli

large hindbrain structure with many deep folds. contributes to the control of movement, balance, and coordination

roof of midbrain

important for hearing

important for vision

intermediate level of the midbrain 

gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for moovement

most prominent part of the mammalian brain

form border around the brain stem. important for motivation and emotion

pair of structures in the center of the forbrain.  most sensory information goes here first. 

small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus. has important behavior effects

endocrine gland atached to the base of the hypothalamus by a stalk taht contains neurons,blood vessels, and cennective tissue. synthesizes hormones that the blood carries to organs throughout the body

group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the globuspallidus. critical for learning and remembering how to do something

receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetlycholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex. part of brain system for arousal, wakefulness, and atention

large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, mostly toward the posterior of the forbrain. critical for strong memories

fluid filled channel in the center of the spinal cord

four fluid filled cavities within the brain

clear fluid similar to blood plasma

membranes that surround the spinal cord

consists of the cellular layers on the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres

layers of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cortex and separated from each other by layers of fibers

posterior end of the cortex, main target for visual information

lies between the occipital lobe and ceontral sulcus

primary somatosensory cortext, receives sensation from touch receptors, muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors

primary target for auditory information

containing the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex. anterior limit of the brain

specialized for the control of fine movements

most anterior portion of the frontal lobe. integrates enormous amount of info

question of how various brain areas produce a perception of a single object

removal of brain area

damage

device for the precise placement of electrodes in the brain

application of an intense magnetic flied to a portion of the scalp, temporarily inactivates neurons below the magnet

records electrical activity of the brain through electrodes attached to a scalp

recorded spontaneous brain activity or activity in response to a stimulus 

measures the faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity

provides a high-resolution image of activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals

Gall's relating skull anatomy to behavior

injects dye into the blood and the places the persons head into a CT scannerl and detectors are on both sides

production of new cells

forming axon and dendrites

promotes survival and grown of the axon

programmed mechanism of cell death

condition marked by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, difficulty maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems, heart defects and facial abnormalities

sharp blow to the head resulting from an accident or assault that does not puncture the brain

temporary interruption of normal blood flow to a brain aread 

most common type of stroke. result of a blood clot or other obstruction in an artery

result of ruptured artery

drug that breaks up blood clots

decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

condition of enhanced response

continuing sensation of an amputated body part

limb that has lost its afferent imput

place in eye with no receptors

exits through back of eye

respond to faint light but are not useful in daylight because bring light bleaches them

less active in dim light but are useful in bright light and essential for color vision

chemicals that release energy when struck by light

replacement of the red you had been staring at with green, green with red, yellow and blue with each other, and black and white with each other

theory that we perceive color in terms of opposites

theory proposed by edwin land: the cortex compares info from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area

make inhibitory contact onto bipolar cells, which in turn make synapses onto amacrine cells and ganglion cells

reduction of activity in one neuron by acivity in neighboring neurons

area in visual space that excites or inhibits it

mostly in or near the fovea

evenly distributed through the retina

have small bodies, throughout the retina

koniocellular neurons

has a receptive fiels with fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones

cells that do not respond to the exact location of a stimulus

stimulation from both sides

when experiences have a particular strong and enduring influences

discrepency between what the left and right eye see

"lazy eye:

blurring of vision for lines in one direction

processes information further and transmit addition info

specialized for identifying and recognizing objects

respond to identifiable objects

visual lack of knowledge

inability to recognize faces

ability to see objects but impairment at seeing whether they are moving or, if so, which direction and how fast

visual areas of the brain that decrease their activity during voluntary eye movement