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immunity
resistance o infections by body to many types pathogens
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2 types immunity
- can be natural/artificial
- active immunity: due to production antibodies by organism itself after body defense mech stimulated by antigens
- e.g. injection vaccines made from attenuated antigens (fragmented, dead, weakened)
- passive immunity: due to acquisition o antibodies fr other organism, which active immunity stimulated
- e.g. via placenta, breast milk, injection
- mention acquisition (passive) vs production (active)
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principle o vaccination
role memory cells + graph
- vaccine = modified form o disease causing pathogen stimulated body to develop immunity to disease w/o fully developing disease
- attenuated form pathogen = antigens
- based on immunological memory
- can be swallowed/injected
- vacc prod primary exposure + response so subseq = secondary response
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primary immune response
- exposure to antigen through vaccine
- clonal selection after 1st time exposure to antigen
- primary response 10-17 days needed to prod max number antibodies
- person may have symptoms, decrease as antibodies and t cells clear
- not as severe as actual disease
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secondary immune response
- if 2nd exposure, prod antibodies faster, 2-7 days, greater magn and more prolonged
- antibodies prod in secondary resp have greater affinity
- generated by immunological memory bc init expos prod active plasma b cells + t cells and long lived memory b cells
- mem cells poised to proliferate and differentiate rapidly, eliminate pathogen bf illness
- long lasting immunity
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production monoclonal antibodies
- large quantities single type pure antibody made
- antigens corresponding to specific antibody injected into animal
- B plasma cells extracted
- cancer cells obtained
- cultured together fusing -> hybridoma cells tt divide endlessly and produce desired antibody
- hybridoma cells cultured, antibodies extracted purified for use
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treament + diagnosis with monoclonal antibodies
- treatment: injection with rabies vaccination for potential exposure to rabies; controls rabies virus until antibodies produced as result o vaccination
- diagnosis: detection of HCG pregnancy tests in urine
- = ELISHA test (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
- enzymes attached that cause color change after antibodies bind antigens
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benefits immunisation
- total elimination o disease + prevention epidemic and pandemics
- deaths due to disease prevented = diasbility due to disease prevented health care costs decrease
- prevent harmful side effects blindness, deafness
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dangers immunisation
- diseases tt vaccines prevent are rate, parents worry more about vaccine than disease
- dangers o vacc scare ppl fr vacc -> consequences for children
- serious adverse reactions
- -anaphylaxis
- minor side effects
- toxic effects mercury in vacc
- possible overload immune syst -> excessive immunisation reduces ability o immune syst to resp to new diseases
- e.g. soldiers during gulf war
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