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Enthymemes
Arguments missing a premise or conclusion; usually left out b/c speaker thinks listener will be able to fill in
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Principle of charity
Given 2 or more possible interpretations, apply the most plausible (whenever you see that one interpretation is stronger or makes more sense than another, then that is the one you ought to choose)
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Good Argument
-given the premises, the conclusion follows from them either with deductive validity or inductive strength, and the premises are true
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Deductive arguments that follow necessarily from the premises and has a true conclusion is considered to be valid and sound; if the premises of a deductive argument are true and conclusion follows necessarily it is still considered valid but if the conclusion is not necessarily true then it would be unsound; deductive arguments can also be considered invalid if one or more premises are not true
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Inductive arguments are varying in strength from strong (100-90%), moderate (89-51), weak (=50 or >); if inductive argument is strong or moderate it can be cogent or not cogent, for it to be cogent it needs to have true premises and is a moderate or strong argument, conclusion follows from premises; the strong or moderate inductive argument could be not cogent if has at least one false premise
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Valid/logical forms:
-Barbara
-Disjunctive syllogism
-Modus Ponens
-Modus tollens
- -Barbara
- -All A are B
- All B are C
- All A are C
- -Disjunctive syllogism
- -A or B
- Not A
- B
- -Modus Ponens
- -If A then B
- A
- B
- -Modus tollens
- -If A then B
- Not B
- Not A
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Invalid Logical Forms:
-Fallacy of denying the antecedent
-Fallacy of affirming the consequent
-Fallacy of undistributed middle
- -Fallacy of denying the antecedent
- -If A then B
- Not A
- Not B
- -Fallacy of affirming the consequent
- -If A then B
- B
- A
- -Fallacy of undistributed middle
- -All A are B
- All C are B
- All C are A
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Empirical statement-
To verify a statement by experience means that the truth or falsity of the statement is determined by making some sort of observation, having a look at the subject and seeing whether it is as the statement says it is; observations made using the senses; there is that sense that there is something to examine
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Nonempirical statements-
These statements are not verifiable by experience; making observations, doing tests, conducting surveys, and so on, are of no help because these statements do not assert what is found by looking at the world around us; it is not checking the properties of things in the world, it is about our ideas
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