Lab practical

• an accepted objective approach (not
• influenced by personal aspects) to answering questions in the field of science.
• This method of inquiry involves a series of steps that lead 2 a credible or valid outcome. 

• May b done frm wk already done or experiences·
• May cm frm reading bout wk others hv done

“If I introduce a chng 2 d xperimental dsign that resulted in my previous observations, will it chng d outcm?

Set up d hypothesis as an “if_____ then _______” statement.

Set up a control group everything in this experimental group REMAINS D SAME, NOTHING CHANGES!·       Set up an experimental group everything EXEPT d ONE variable (d independent variable) you think is going 2 mk a diff remains d same.

 B sure 2 record ur results exactly as u observe m. B as clear, descriptive & specific as possible. Determine if u r able 2 accept or reject d hypothesis

ur xperiment’s results should b repeatable.

is set up in an “if___ the _____” format.

States that d treatment has no effect on d outcome of d experiment

group that experience d independent variable

variable in control of d investigator. D ONE thing that chngs.

result (effect) of d influence of d independent variable

variables that REMAIN d SAME 2 ALL groups in d experiment

 everything in this experimental group REMAINS D SAME, NOTHING CHANGES!

measures length & distance

measures mass

measures volume (fluids/liquids)

bow (arch) created by d adhesion of fluids (H2O) when using graduated cylindersMeasure from the lowest point for accuracy

Circular field seen when looking through d ocular lens of a microscope.

combination of magnification of d eyepiece (10X) times d magnification of d objectives (4X, 10X, 40X)

40X

100X

400X

distance btwn d specimen (slide) & d objective lens

(l.s.) section that is cut along d long axis of a structure

(x.s. or c.s.) transverse cut through a structure, tissue or specimen.

(w.m.)placing a whole organism or specimen on a slide 4 microscopic examination.

used for microscopic examination of LIVING tissues or cell

• a.  Place specimen on a blank slide
• b.  Add a drop of H2O
• c   Slowly lower d cvr slip frm 1 side of d H2O drop so any air bubbles will b pushed out as
• d   cvr slip cms down.

property of H2O that mks its molecules attract 2 e/o. Responsible 4 surface tension (creating na H2O suface “skin”).

property of H2O, tendency of H2O 2 H bond 2 other compounds. Responsible 4 meniscus.

mvmnt of H2O wicked up a sml diameter tube due 2 adhesion.

capacity of H2O to resist chngs in temp.

fluid that dissolves d solute (i.e. H2O)

substance dissolved in a solvent 2 form a solution (i.e. sugar, salt)

 lk a battery w a + & a – end/side

- i.e. H2O

i.e. oils

Is a measurement of d percentage of Hydrogen ions (H+) found in a solution.

Phenol red is a water-soluble dye used as a pH indicator, changing from yellow to red over pH 6.6 to 8.0, and then turning a bright pink color above pH 8.1

Bond in which e- r SHARED btwn molecules, d stronger atom has more “pull”, d atoms bcm bi-polar

Bond in which e- r GIVEN or TAKEN btwn molecules

molecule becomes (-) negatively chgd

molecule becomes (+) positively chgd

d WEAK attractions that exist btwn 2 or > polar covalent molecules. Also hold Nitrogen bases together in DNA.

(vinegar) pH of 3 (STRONGLY acidic), increases d acidity level in a solution (turns it yellow).

pH of 6 (almost neutral), neutralizes d pH in a solution (turns it red)

(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, PS) compound containing BOTH Carbon & Hydrogen

NOT consisting (or containing) of Carbon

• Rx 2 Carbohydrate (sugars). 
• + test show tones of aoranges 2 browns.
• - test remains blue

• Rx 2 proteins
• + test show tones of purples
• - test remains blue

• Rx 2 starch
• + test show tones  of purples & black
• - test remains orange

Rx w Lipids+ test Lipids r stained RED

bacteria

• ONLY plant cell has:a.   
• Lg central Vacuoleb.   
• Cell wallc.    
• Plastids (Chloro, Chromo & Amilo)

• a)   NO nucleous
• b)  NO membrane bonded organelles
• c)   DNA is circular

• a)   Membrane bonded nucleus & organelles
• b)   DNA is IN d nucleus

Rod shape (Tic-Tac)

Spherical shape (marbles)

Spiral shape (spring)

• Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents.
• + purple
• - pink

organism that CAN’T mk its own food & can move to gt it. i.e umans& animals

organisms tha CAN mk its own food (i.e. by photosynthesis), i.e. plants

is a form of asexual reproduction which is used by all prokaryotic organisms

•  is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells

• Causes d sleeping sickness, carried by tetsi fly

Refers 2 d mvmnt of molecules through a selective or semipermeable membrane (i.e dialysis tubing) requires d presence of H2O

movement of a solution from high 2 low concentration

low H2O HIGH solute, causes cell to LOOSE H2O (Plasmolysis/Crenation)

high H2O LOW solute, causes cell to GAIN H2O (Turgor/Lysis)

Balanced, SAME amnt in d cell than in d solution

occurs when the BLOOD cell swells &/or burst bcz they GAIN H2O

refers to cells that LOOSES H2O

refers to a plant cell that swells bcz they GAIN H2O, it can’t burst bcz it has cell wall.

refers to a plant cell that shrinks bcz it LOOSES H2O

one that allows some particles (molecules and ions) to pass through and it restricts d movement of others.

 phospholipid bilayer, Fluid Mosaic, contains proteins that facilitate de passage through.

• a.   Size of molecules
• b.   Charge of ion/molecule
• c.   solubility

 semi-permeable membrane used in lab

– Lg molecules can’t pass though while sml one can. i.e. Iodine vs Starch

opening “window” in d lower epidermis of d leave, facilitates &/or prevents d loss of amnt of H2O in d plant. Opens in turgor (turgid), closes in plasmolysis (flaccid).

• an epidermal cell 2 d side of a leaf stoma that helps 2 control d stoma size

6CO2 + 6H2O→Rx w (SUN LIGHT ENERGY)→products C6H12O6 + 6O2

organisms that cant “move” i.e. plants. They grow towards d light source.

(“takes a TAXI”) organisms that CAN move (i.e. animals &microorganisms) that are photophilic (“light lovers”) move towards d light.