Chemistry Chapter 23 Vocabulary

an organic molecule that is involved in energy metabolism; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and two phosphate groups; ADP

an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups; ATP

any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that combine to form proteins

the metabolic synthesis of proteins, fats, and other large biomolecules from smaller molecules; requires energy in the form of ATP

an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of consuming other organisms

any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things

the chemical decomposition of complex biological substances, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and glycogen, accompanied by the release of energy

an organism that is produced by asexual reproduction and that is genetically identical to its parent; to make a genetic duplicate

a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule

to change irreversibly the structure or shape—and thus the solubility and other properties—of a protein by heating, shaking, or treating the protein with acid, alkali, or other species

a sugar formed from two monosaccharides

the process of making a copy of DNA

a type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plants and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed

an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils

an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials

a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances; a reaction between water and a salt to create an acid or a base

a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water, including fats and steroids; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism

a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate

an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information

one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen

an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

a chemical reaction in which esters of fatty acids react with a strong base to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt; the process that is used to make soap