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an organic molecule that is involved in energy metabolism; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and two phosphate groups; ADP
adenosine diphosphate
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an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups; ATP
adenosine triphosphate
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any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that combine to form proteins
amino acid
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the metabolic synthesis of proteins, fats, and other large biomolecules from smaller molecules; requires energy in the form of ATP
anabolism
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an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of consuming other organisms
autotroph
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any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things
carbohydrate
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the chemical decomposition of complex biological substances, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and glycogen, accompanied by the release of energy
catabolism
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an organism that is produced by asexual reproduction and that is genetically identical to its parent; to make a genetic duplicate
clone
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a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule
condensation reaction
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to change irreversibly the structure or shape—and thus the solubility and other properties—of a protein by heating, shaking, or treating the protein with acid, alkali, or other species
denature
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a sugar formed from two monosaccharides
disaccharide
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the process of making a copy of DNA
DNA replication
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a type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plants and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed
enzyme
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an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils
fatty acid
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an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials
heterotroph
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a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances; a reaction between water and a salt to create an acid or a base
hydrolysis
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a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water, including fats and steroids; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes
lipid
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the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
metabolism
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a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate
monosaccharide
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an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information
nucleic acid
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one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen
polysaccharide
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an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
protein
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a chemical reaction in which esters of fatty acids react with a strong base to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt; the process that is used to make soap
saponification
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