bio ch. 4

minimum distnce between 2 points that can be observed as 2 points; how much detail can be seen

uses light to focus on specimen

has one magnifying lens

generally has 2 magnifying lenses; objective lens and ocular lens

power of ocular lens mulitplied by the power of the objective lens

uses electrons to focus on a specimen; up to 1/2 million x

used to see viruses and the insides of cells

makes the 3D pictures of outside of cell

small; no nucleus or organelles; can live on their own; bacteria

selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer

dna; chromosome; instructions to make every protein the bacteria will ever need

the site of protein manufacture

sturdy cell wall which protects bacteria from harm; also gives bacteria its basci shape

sticky layer that avoids your immune system to help bacteria stick to you

hair like projectons to attach bacteria to specific cells

one or more long projections for movemnt

extra circle of dna that often has genes for resistance to drugs or antibiotics

dormant survival structurs in certain bacteria; can survive boiling, freezing, 1000's of years

larger, more complex; have nucleaus and other organells, don't have a cell wall example: algi, fungi, plants animals

mebrane enclosed structure that perform specific functions

selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer

the liquid inside the cell and the solutes dissolved in the liquid

is just about anything in the cell that is not the nucleus

directs the activities in the cell; the control center of the cell

hereditary information on how to make eery protein the body will ever need; double helix

surround the nucleus

a diffuse mass of dna

a condensed mass of dna; humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

site of rna manufacture inside the nuclues

copy of the instruction for one single protein that is needed now

the site of protein manufacture

a passageway for large molecules

has ribosomes; handles protein type molecules

no ribosomes; handles non-protein stuff like fatty acids, phospholipids, and steriods

packing site for proteins and lipids

site of digestive enzymes

cell eating; lysosomes digesting outside material

a cell intentionally releases lysosomes in order to destroy the entire cell

a celll intentionally release lysosomes in order to destroy its old organelle

person i missing one enzyme in the lysosome, ganglioside builds up in nerve cells, especially in the brain

holds food

used to pump water out of many protists

holds water for plant cells

pigments, toxins, proteins, or metabolic by products

where cellular energy is produced

site of photosynthesis; only in plants and gree algae

similar to lysosomes except they contain peroxidases, which breaks down peroxides

network of protein fibers tha give shpae to the cell

small protein filaments; used in muscle contractions and cell division

larger filaments with a hole in them; used in chromosom movements during cell division, cilia, and flagella

many, short microtubles; paramecium

single long microtuble; sperm and some bacteria

anchors cilia and flagella to cell

function in cell reproduction

stiff coatings around outside of cell membranes fo bacteria, plants, fungi, and some protists

openings in the walls of adjacent plant cells

division of chromosomes

division of cytoplasm and other organelles

diffuse mass of dna

condensed dna

23 pairs of chromosome

different copies of the same chromosome

normal cell things; organelles and dna replicate

identical copies of the same chromosome

chromosomes condense; nuclear envelpe dissolves

sister chromatids line up in the middle

old and new chromatid pairs start to pull apart

farther apart and cell starts to split dow middle to form 2 cells; nuclear envelpe reforms