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resolving power
minimum distnce between 2 points that can be observed as 2 points; how much detail can be seen
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light microscope
uses light to focus on specimen
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simple microscope
has one magnifying lens
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compound microscope
generally has 2 magnifying lenses; objective lens and ocular lens
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total magnification
power of ocular lens mulitplied by the power of the objective lens
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electron microscope
uses electrons to focus on a specimen; up to 1/2 million x
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transmission electron microscope
used to see viruses and the insides of cells
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scanning electron microscope
makes the 3D pictures of outside of cell
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prokaryotic cells
small; no nucleus or organelles; can live on their own; bacteria
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plasma membrane
selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer
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nucleoid
dna; chromosome; instructions to make every protein the bacteria will ever need
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ribosomes
the site of protein manufacture
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cell wall
sturdy cell wall which protects bacteria from harm; also gives bacteria its basci shape
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capsule
sticky layer that avoids your immune system to help bacteria stick to you
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pili
hair like projectons to attach bacteria to specific cells
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flagella
one or more long projections for movemnt
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plasmid
extra circle of dna that often has genes for resistance to drugs or antibiotics
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endospores
dormant survival structurs in certain bacteria; can survive boiling, freezing, 1000's of years
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eukaryotic cells
larger, more complex; have nucleaus and other organells, don't have a cell wall example: algi, fungi, plants animals
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organelles
mebrane enclosed structure that perform specific functions
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plasma membrane
selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer
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cytosol
the liquid inside the cell and the solutes dissolved in the liquid
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cytoplasm
is just about anything in the cell that is not the nucleus
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nucleus
directs the activities in the cell; the control center of the cell
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dna
hereditary information on how to make eery protein the body will ever need; double helix
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nuclear envelpe
surround the nucleus
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chromatin
a diffuse mass of dna
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chromosome
a condensed mass of dna; humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
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nucleolus
site of rna manufacture inside the nuclues
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rna
copy of the instruction for one single protein that is needed now
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ribosomes
the site of protein manufacture
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a passageway for large molecules
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rough er
has ribosomes; handles protein type molecules
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smooth er
no ribosomes; handles non-protein stuff like fatty acids, phospholipids, and steriods
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golgi body
packing site for proteins and lipids
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lysosome
site of digestive enzymes
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phagocytosis
cell eating; lysosomes digesting outside material
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autolysis
a cell intentionally releases lysosomes in order to destroy the entire cell
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autophagy
a celll intentionally release lysosomes in order to destroy its old organelle
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tay sachs diesase
person i missing one enzyme in the lysosome, ganglioside builds up in nerve cells, especially in the brain
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contractile vacuole
used to pump water out of many protists
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central vacuole
holds water for plant cells
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other vacuoles may hold
pigments, toxins, proteins, or metabolic by products
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mitochondria
where cellular energy is produced
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chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis; only in plants and gree algae
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peroxisomes
similar to lysosomes except they contain peroxidases, which breaks down peroxides
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cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers tha give shpae to the cell
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microfilaments
small protein filaments; used in muscle contractions and cell division
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microtubles
larger filaments with a hole in them; used in chromosom movements during cell division, cilia, and flagella
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cilia
many, short microtubles; paramecium
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flagella
single long microtuble; sperm and some bacteria
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basal body
anchors cilia and flagella to cell
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centrioles
function in cell reproduction
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cell walls
stiff coatings around outside of cell membranes fo bacteria, plants, fungi, and some protists
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plasmodesmata
openings in the walls of adjacent plant cells
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mitosis
division of chromosomes
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cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm and other organelles
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chromatin
diffuse mass of dna
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chromosomes
condensed dna
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humans have
23 pairs of chromosome
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homologous chromosome
different copies of the same chromosome
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interphase
normal cell things; organelles and dna replicate
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sister chromatids
identical copies of the same chromosome
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prophase
chromosomes condense; nuclear envelpe dissolves
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metaphase
sister chromatids line up in the middle
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anaphase
old and new chromatid pairs start to pull apart
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telophase
farther apart and cell starts to split dow middle to form 2 cells; nuclear envelpe reforms
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