-
presence of excessive fluid in the tissue known as pitting edema
peripheral edema
-
pathology of peripheral edema
ankles and arms
-
peripheral edema is caused by
- chf (left side)
- renal failure
-
fluid in the abdomen
ascites
-
ascites is caused by
liver failure
-
clubbing of fingers is caused by
chronic hypoxemia
-
presence of clubbing of fingers is generally found in which type of patients
CF
-
increase in venous distention occurs with
CHF
-
an indication of peripheral circulation
capillary refill
-
capillary refill is commonly done for which test?
modified allens test
-
a state of profuse/heavy sweating
diaphoresis
-
abnormal decrease in color due to anemia or acute blood loss
ashen, pallor
-
increase in bilirubin in blood and tissue. appears mostly in the face and trunk
jaundice
-
redness fo the skin, may be due to cap congestion, inflammation, infection
erythmia
-
blue or blue gray dusky discoloration
cyanosis
-
convex curfacture of the spine (lean fwd)
kyphosis
-
lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
-
result of air trapping in the lungs for a long period of time
barrel chest
-
barrel chest is due to
COPD
-
barrel chest is an increase in
a-p diameter
-
describe symmetrical chest movement
both side of chest moves the same
-
5 pathologies that can contribute to a pt displaying asymmetrical movement
- chronic lung disease
- atelectasis
- pneumothorax
- flail chest
- intube pt w/ ett in one lung
-
normal resp rate, depth and rythm
eupnea
-
normal rr for adult is
12-20 bpm
-
increased in rr over 20 bpm
tachypnea
-
causes of tachypnea is
- hypoxia
- fever
- pain
- cns problem
-
decreased rr less than 12 bpm
bradycardia
-
causes of bradycardia is
- normal sleep
- drugs
- alcohol
- metabolic disorders
-
cessation of breathing
apnea
-
increased rr, increased depth, regular rhtym
hyperpnea
-
hyperpnea is caused by
metabolic disorder/cns disorders
-
gradualy increased then decreasing rate and depth in a sysle lasting from 30/180 seconds, with periods of apnea lasting up to 60 seconds
cheyne stokes
-
cheyne stokes is caused by
- increased icp
- meningitis
- drug overdose
-
increased in resp rate and depth w/ irregular periods of apnea
biots
-
biots is caused by what problem
cns
-
increased in resp rate usually over 20 bpm, increased in depth, irregular rhythm, breathing sound labored
kussmauls
-
kussmauls is caused by
- metabolic acidosis
- renal failure
- diabetic ketoasidosis
-
what are the normal muscles of ventilation
- diaphragm
- external intercostals
- exhalation is normall passive
-
what causes hypertrophy of the the accessory muscles
COPD
-
muscle wasting is
atrophy
-
atrophy is loss of muscle tone and occurs in
paralysis
-
atrophy may be referred to as
cachetic
-
signs of resp distress in infants
-
normal range for a pt's hr
60-100
-
-
bradycardia indicates
- heart failure
- shock
- code/emergency
-
what does paradoxical pulse/pulsus paradocus indicate
severe air trapping
-
what should be used to determine tracheal position
palpation
-
to determine tracheal position, place the index finger into the
supra-sternal notch
-
if tracheal deviations is pulled TOWARD the affected side
- pulm atelectasis
- pulm fibrosis
- pneumonectomy
- diaphragmatic paralysis
-
if trachel deciations is pulled AWAY from the affected side
- massive pleural effusion
- tention pneumothorax
- neck or thyriod tumors
- large mediastinal mass
-
what is tactile fremitus
vibrations that are felt by the hand on the chest wall
-
what is meant by tenderness
pt's skin ,ay be tender around sutures, chest tube, bruises, fractured bones
-
bubbles of air under the skin that can be palpated
crepitus
-
crepitus indicates the presense of
subcutaneous emphysema
-
normal air filled lungs. gives hollow sound
resonant
-
heard over sternum, muscles or areas of atelectasis
flat
-
heard over fluid filled organs such as the heart or liver. pleural effusion or pneumonia will give this thudding sound
dull
-
heard over air filled stomach
tympanic
-
pneymothorax or emphysema is present
hyperresonant
-
-
-
pt is instructed to say E and it sounds like A
egophony
-
egophony indicates
consilidation of the lung tissue as with a pneumonia like condition
-
large airway secretions
coarse rales (rhonchi)
-
tx for coarse rales (rhonchi)
pt needs suctioning
-
middle airway secretions
medium rales
-
-
alveoli, fluid b/s
fine rales / moist crepitant rale
-
-
pt with fine rales pt needs
- ippb
- heart drugs
- diuretics
- o2
-
wheeze is due to
bronchospasms
-
when a pt wheezes, pt needs what type of bronchodilator
albuterol
-
if pt has a unilateral wheeze and has an indication of a foreign body obstructions, what should you give
a bronchoscope
-
stridor is due to a
upper airway obs
-
tx for stridor
racemic epi
-
a course of grating or crunching sound
pleural friction rub
-
pleural friction rub is caused by
inflamed surface of the visceral and parietal pleura rubbing together
-
tx for pleural friction rub
-
is created by the normal closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of ventricular contraction
S1
-
is normal and occurs when systole ends, the ventriles relax and the pulmonic and aortic valves close
S2
-
the presence of S3 is abnormal and may suggest what type of disease
CHF
-
S4 is an indicative of a cardiav abonrmality such as
- myocardial infarction
- cardiomegaly
-
what should u use to measure cuff pressures
sphygmomanometer
-
-
the right hemidiaphragms is slightly highter than the
left hemi
-
the right hemidiaphragm is at the level of the
sixth anterior rib
-
trachea should be
midline, bilateral radioluceny, with sharp costophrenic angles
-
head of clavicles should be
leveled
-
list 3 possible causes for loss of airway patency
- foreign objects
- trachial spasms
- air leak
-
what condition causes obliteration of the costophrenic angles
pl. effusion
-
in what pathology is the diaphragm flattened
COPD
-
what type of position will confirm a presence of a small pl effusion?
lateral decubitus position
-
what type of position will confirm a small pneumothorax
end expiratory film
-
lateral decubitis is laying on which side?
affected side
-
where should the tip of the endotracheal tube be positioned when viewed on a chest roentgenogram
2cm or 1 inch above carina
-
what is the quickest way to determine adequate ventilation following enndotracheal intubation
auscultation
-
description for radiolucent
dark patter, air
-
diagnosis of radiolucent
normal for lungs
-
description for radiodense
-
diagnosis of radiodense
normal for bones, organs
-
description for infiltrate
ill define radiodesity
-
diagnosis of infiltrate
atelectasis
-
description for consolidation
solid white
-
diagnosis of consolidation
pneumonia
-
description of hyperlucency
extra pulm air
-
diagnosis of hyperlucency
-
description of vascular markings
- lymphatic
- vessels
- lung tissue
-
description of vascular markings
- increased chf
- absent w/ pneumothorax
-
description of diffuse
spread throughout
-
-
-
opaque diagnosis
consolidation
-
-
-
fluffy infiltrates =
diffuse whiteness
-
diagnosis fluffy infiltrates
pulm edema
-
butterfly/batwing pattern =
infitrate in shape of butterfly
-
diagnosis of butterfly/batwing
pulm edema
-
patchy infiltrates=
scattered densities
-
diagnosis of patchy infiltrates
atelectasis
-
platelike infiltrates=
thin layered densisties
-
diagnosis of platelike infiltrates
atelectasis
-
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