Frontal lobe

• Motor: Primary motor area 4, secondary: motor area 6
• Volitional eye movements: Mediated by the frontal eye field, Saccadic eye movements depend on the integrity of this system
• Speech and language   
• Motivational behaviour  
• Working memory 
• Attention
• Social behaviour  
• Self awareness
• Self regulation
• Executive function

• No voluntary movement/poor fractionalization of movement 
• Abnormal muscle tone (spasticity)      
• Release of primitive reflexes (grasp, suck, bite reflexes)     
• Sphincter control   
• Ventral prefrontal cortex – affective
• Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex – cognitive

Frontal lobe lesions can produce an alteration in voluntary eye gaze in relation to scanning the visual field appropriately

Expressive aphasia: the inability to perform the verbal expression of language. Non-fluent output

• Social convention
• Tend to have disinhibited, impulsive, inappropriate behaviour
• Poor social judgement 
• Impulsive decision making
• Lack of consideration for impact of their behaviour      
• Lack of empathy
• Apathy, disinterestedness
• Distractibility, restlessness    
• Personal changes

• Self regulation
• Damage to these areas may result in such significant changes that the person is not considered to be the same person
• Inability to regulate behaviour according to internal goals and constraints  
• Lack of insight – lack of real understanding of problems and inability to act with one’s own interest in mind, despite knowing what to do and at least verbalising an intent to change

• Apathetic, indifferent
• Motor apathy: reduced gesturing, reduced verbal output, preservation
• Cognitive apathy: decreased curiosity, altered interest in learning, deducing and drawing logical conclusions, poor abstraction and categorization
• Affective apathy: diminished vocal inflection, reduced facial expression of internal emotional states
• Emotional apathy: reduced social interest, diminished affection, disinterest
• Motivational apathy: Reduced initiative

• Stategy formation and executive function
• Loss of mental flexibility    
• Apathy 
• Personality changes  
• Aboulia
• Lack of ability to plan or sequence actions or tasks
• Poor working memory for verbal information (if left hemisphere) or spatial information (if right hemisphere)