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four reasons of thought before 1800
- comparative anatomy
- natural theology
- ecoogy of human populations
- classification
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fossils - year, who discovered, and what
1666, Steno, Shark teeth
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who identified the order of nature
linneaus
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what was the order of nature
- hierarchies of beings rather than chain:
- god
- angels
- demons
- man
- woman
- animals
- plants
- minerals
- nonbeing
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essentialism definition
each species has an immutable fundamental form and variation is accidental variation
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inheritance of acquired characters definition
alterations of form during an individual's lifetime are transmitted to offspring
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gradualism definition
differences between species are smooth extensions of variation within species
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5 part theory (mayr)
- descent with modification
- common ancestry
- gradualism
- populational change
- natural selection
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populational change
evolution occurs by changes in proportions of individuals with different inherited traits
-
______ do not evolve
individuals
-
natural selection definition
- a mechanism by which distinct forms can be derived from a common ancestor in combination with geography
- individuals with different trait values have different probabilities of survival and reproduction
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evolution is not driven by _____ or _____
desire or progress
-
neo-lamarckism
- use and disuse are the primary drivers of evolution
- individual organisms change in response to needs
- better at explaining loss or hypertrophy of existing structures than the origin of novelty
- no evidence that environmental conditions can induce specific, advantageous hereditary changes
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orthogenesis
species evolve in a predetermined direction
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mutationism
mutation might cause instantaneous origin of new species, novel traits
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the modern evolutionary synthesis
- reconciliation of darwin-wallace theory with the facts of
- genetics
- systematics
- biogeography
- paleontology
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_____ and _____ together cause adaptive evolution
mutation and selection
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____ and ____ bridge microevolution and macroevolution
speciation and extinction
-
fitness definition
ability to survive and/or reproduce
-
natural selection is _____ in _____
variation in fitness
-
way natural sel can cause evol
if the ability to survive and reproduce is inherited
-
natural selection is not
- literal selection
- purposeful
- forward-looking
- the only cause of evol.
- opposed to cooperation or altruism
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antagonistic pleiotropy
same allele coding for beneficial effects in one context causes deletrious effects in another
-
trade-offs definition
energy and materials are finite: investment in x leaves fewer resources for y
-
gene flow definition
immigration and interbreeding between populatons experiences conflicting demands can limit the response to selection
-
mosaic evolution
each species has both ancestral and derived character states
-
adaptive radiation
evolutionary divergence of descendants of a single ancestor into a variety of adaptive forms over a relatively short interval of time
-
who simulated the condition of early earth
miller
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biological species concept
species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
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phylogenetic species concept
to be units of a phylogeny, species must be groups of organisms that are diagnosible from other such units and share a pattern of ancestry and descent
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genealogical species concept
species are the most exclusive groups of organisms that are all descended from a common ancestral organism
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allopatric speciation
when species become geographically separated from one another
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parapatric speciation
separated but able to interact
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sympatric speciation
when species are in the same geographical location but do not interact
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