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Hayashi Razan
- who? Neo-Confucian Scholar
- What? -credited for popularizing confucianisn for Tokugawa -writes official history of Tokugawa Shogunate
- When? born 1583-1657
- Where? Japan
- Why? obedience, virtue and morality, proper behavior, conservative
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Ukiyo
- What? - floating world (world of pleasures) -buddhist concept of life (happy and painful) -pleasures (novels, plays, kabuki theater)
- When? Gunroku Era
- Where? Japan
- Why? Flourishing arts
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Kabuki
- What? -type of theater -performed by men -overcome villians, supernatural powers, makeup, sets
- When? Gunroku Era
- Where? Japan
- Why? Flourishing arts, entertainment
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Haiku
- What? -type of poetry -usually 3 lines
- When? Gunroku Era
- Where? Japan (Edo)
- Who? any literate person
- Why? beautiful art
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Eta, Chonin, Ronin
- Eta-outcasts
- Chonin- townspeople
- Ronin- masterless samurai
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Merchant class
- Who? merchants
- What? - moving class structure -give loans with large interest -bankrupting samurai -keep, buy, sell products
- When? Gunroku Era
- Where? Japan (Edo)
- Why? they can
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Dutch Learning
- Who? japanese
- What? -new school of thought -western technology, math, and languages
- When? 18th century
- Where? west confined in nagasaki
- Why? japan too closed off to the world and need more
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"Nativism"
- who? Japanese people
- What? -looking into japanese past -creation story, emperor and imperial family, religion (shinto) -scholors think of themselves and japan as exceptional place
- when? Gunroku era
- Where? Japan
- Why? to grow japan
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Genroku Era
- Who? Japanese in Edo
- What? -arts flourishing -new forms of arts (poetry, books, silk paintings) -inspiration from surroundings
- When? late 17th century/early 18th century
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Shimabara Rebellion
- Who? Christians
- What? -fight reforms of shogunate -samurai crusify men along the highway -church goes underground (small)
- When? 1637-1638
- Where? Southern tip of Japan
- Why? fear of takeover from west/christians
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi
- Who? Unifier
- what? -unifies groups (more advanced) -better equipt (muskets) -pulls islands together and invades Korea (cuts off noses)
- When? dies 1598
- Where? Japan --> invade Korea
- Why?unify japan
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
- Who? founder of the shogunate
- what? -promises hideyoshi to protect son -takes the power -preserves domestic peace
- when? 1542-1616
- where? japan
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Tokugawa Shogunate
- who? shogunate of japan
- What? -hold together military -preserve domestic peace -secular power -own 1/4 of land -control major port cities -own all major mines -tax own land, pay for armies
- when? 1600-1868
- where? japan
- why? keep order and peace
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Edo
- who? shogunate (modern day tokyo)
- what? -controls daimyo
- when? during tokugawa shogunate
- where? japan
- why? keep order
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Senior Counselors
- Who? trusted men
- what? -from same family as shogunate -respond to the govt
- when? during tokugawa shogunate
- where? -live in the capital (edo)
- why? extra help
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samurai
- who? warriors
- what? -military power -controled in edo by daimyo
- when? japan during tokugawa shogunate
- where? all over japan (3 sectors)
- why? protection for daimyo and country
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Shogun
- who? bakufu
- what? issue taxes -resolve conflicts -make laws
- when? during tokugawa shogunate
- where? japan
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Daimyo
- who? Han- chief lords, educated, wealthy, rule over estates
- what? -run estates -respond to shogun -keep taxes -manage own personal affairs -police own borders -provide milt aid, money, man power, supplies -oversee religious institutions -issue own law codes -control people from leaving -biinial rotation -limit # of guns and warriors
- why? 1. legitamizes their right to exist 2. stabalize all the borders 3. get help during natural disasters
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1854-58
- what? -japans unequal treaty years with western powers
- treaty of peace and amnity 1open to outside world (2 ports open) 2.if americans get shipwrecked, japs must help 3.create american embassy close to capital -damages authority and power of japan -give into western demands
- when? 1854
- where? Japan (with america)
- why? west wants power
- how? force
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Meiji reforms
- Japan established 1 highly centralized beurocratic state
- consitiution with elected parlament (Diet)
- create modern transportation and communication
- well educated classless society
- establish an industrial center
- powerful army and navy
- gain control of foreign trade and legal system
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Meiji Emperor
- who? 14 year old boy
- what? -symbolic -move emperor from Kyoto to Edo -rename Edo to Tokyo -choshu and satsuma influence decisions
- when? 1868
- why? emperor wanted real power
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Satsuma Rebellion
- who? samurai
- what? -last stand -samurai lose -saigo dies on battle field--honored as man of nobility
- when? 1877
- where? edo, japan
- why? one last stand of samurai
- how? battle
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Saigo Takamori
- who? launched satsuma rebellion
- what? last stand of samurai (take up arms with govt)
- when? 1827-1877
- where? edo japan
- why? last stand
- how? battle
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Janurary 3rd, 1868
- what? -fall of tokugawa shogunate -new govt forms with focus on emperor
- when? 1868
- where? japan
- why? new power
- how? superior govt, more equipt
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Fukuzawa Yukichi
- who? explores western ideas
- what? -brings back books, ideas, social structures from west -part of dutch learning then english -open to ideas of the west
- when? 1870s
- where? japan-->explored western countries
- why? new ideas for better way of life
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Sonno Joi
- way of mito school
- revere the emperor and expell the barbarian
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Comodore Matthew Perry
- who? american explorer
- what? -comes with 3 ships and gives ultimatum to japan -scare shogun because they are unequipt to control over west -no longer can confine westeners
- when? 1853
- where? edo bay, japan
- why? manifest destiny
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Mito School
- who? oppositional nativists
- what? -sonno joi -focus on the centrality of the emperor
- when? late 1850s
- where? japan
- why? resist the govt
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Choshu
- who? alliance with satsuma
- what? -outer diamyo (conservative and antiwestern) -refused to awknowledge westeners and treaty -go to war with shogunate -secret alliance with satsuma
- when? 1850s
- where? Southwest Honshu
- why? resist government
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Satsuma
- who? outside Daimyo
- what? -alliance with choshu about shogunate -conservative (antiwestern) -refused to follow unequal treaty -defeated by west in late 1850s
- when? late 1850s
- where? Kyushu
- why? resist the government
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Meiji Constitution
- who? emperor to subjects
- what? -creates constitutional monarchy -promises parlamentary legislature -only top 1% of population can vote -only japanese emperor can change document
- when? 1889
- where? japan government
- how? gift to subjects
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Western Influences
- who? commodore matthew perry and fukusawa yukichi
- what? -explore and bring western ideas -government, education, social structure
- when? beginning in 1853
- where? japan
- why? new ideas, better society/country
- how? exploration/observation
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Charter Oath of 1868
- who? urged by senior counselors, signed by young emperor
- what? -promise to create new society and make break with past -abolish classes -modernize and industrialize -full scale westernize
- when? 1868
- where? japan
- why? more effective society
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zaibatsu
- who? rich merchants and rich samurai (the ones who still have a fortune)
- what? -own all factors of production -govt sell factories cheaply to private entraprenurs
- when? 1880s
- where? japan
- why? industralize and make money
- how? cash (taxes) from farmers to build factories
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Policy of national isolation
- who? Japan leaders over public
- what? -confine westerners to Nagasaki -ideologial control 1shogun get support of tokugawa empire 2tokugawa shogun make a culture of divinity 3state support of confucianism
- when? late 1630s-->early 1640s and on
- where? whole country of japan
- why? complete control and hold people together
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Kyoto
- who? emperor
- what? -sacred power -balance between heaven and earth -regulated by tokugawa shogunate
- when? during tokugawa shogunate
- why? keep religious power separate
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Samurai
- who? warriors
- what? -military power -controlled in edo or by daimyo
- when? japan during tokugawa shogunate
- where? all over japan
- why? protection
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Meiji Restoration
- who? Meiji emperor
- what? -reform of country (berucratic government, constitution, transport and communicantion system, classless educated society, industrial sector, powerful arms/navy
- when? 1868-1912
- where? japan
- why? stabilization
- how? power over subjects
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Bakufu Government
- who? tent government
- what? incharge of: warfare, policing, administration
- when? 1192-1868
- where? japan (edo)
- why? field commander moved a lot
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Pax Tokugawa
Time of peace and flourishment during Tokugawa shogunate
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Tokugawa Confucianism
- who? Hayashi Razan
- what? 1fundamental rationalism- laws of nature and society 2essential humanism- relationships and social order 3historicism- japanese history 4ethnocentrism- loyality to japan
- when? tokugawa shogunate
- where? japan
- why? more effective society
- how? belief system forced
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